感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?
A nurse finds that a patient has been taking their own sleeping pills from a bedside drawer while also receiving a hypnotic from the ward. What should the nurse do?
一名患者的桡动脉搏动不规则。应该如何计数?
A patient describes burning, shooting pain with pins and needles in both feet. Which type of pain is most likely?
在急性细菌感染中,哪种白细胞是主要的吞噬细胞,也是脓液的主要成分?
一根导尿管已被生物膜中的细菌定植。为什么通常要更换导尿管,而不只是给予抗生素?
答案: A · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.
答案: A · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
Unrecorded home medicines can lead to duplicate doses, interactions and falls. They are stored or sent home according to policy, and the provider is told so the treatment plan can be reviewed.
答案: D · 计数整整 60 秒,最好在心尖部计数
不规则的脉搏应计数整整一分钟。用听诊器在心尖部计数更准确,因为有些搏动太弱,在腕部摸不到。
答案: B · Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain comes from damage to nerves, for example in diabetes, and is often burning, shooting or tingling. It may respond poorly to standard analgesics and need specific drugs.
答案: D · 中性粒细胞
中性粒细胞迅速到达感染部位并吞噬细菌。死亡的中性粒细胞、细菌和组织碎片形成脓液。
答案: B · 生物膜中的细菌受到保护,抗生素难以杀灭得多
在生物膜中,细菌生活在保护性基质里,生长缓慢,能耐受高浓度抗生素。拔除器械就去除了感染源。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety