感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?
一名患者正在持续输注高警示药物。交接班时,哪种做法最安全?
When washing a patient's eyes, how should each eye be wiped?
A healthcare assistant (nursing assistant) has recorded a blood pressure of 82/50 mmHg during routine observations but did not report it. What should the registered nurse do first?
许多抗真菌药物以麦角固醇为靶点。为什么这样有效?
一期梅毒的典型表现是:
答案: C · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.
答案: B · 两名护士对照处方共同核对输注泵和药袋
交接班时在床边核对,沿管路从药袋追溯到患者,并对照处方核对药物、浓度、剂量和速率,可及早发现编程错误。
答案: C · From the inner corner outwards, using a clean part of the cloth for each eye
Wiping from the inner to the outer canthus moves debris away from the tear duct. Using a clean part of the cloth for each eye prevents spreading infection between them.
答案: D · Assess the patient straight away
A low blood pressure may mean deterioration, so the nurse assesses the patient at once and escalates if needed. Feedback to the assistant and reporting follow afterwards.
答案: A · 麦角固醇存在于真菌细胞膜中,而人体细胞中没有
真菌细胞膜含有麦角固醇,而人体细胞膜含有胆固醇。唑类阻断麦角固醇的合成,两性霉素与麦角固醇结合,因此它们能选择性地作用于真菌。
答案: C · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡(硬下疳)
梅毒螺旋体(Treponema pallidum)在一期引起无痛性硬下疳。二期出现皮疹和全身症状,三期梅毒可损害心脏和神经系统。疼痛性水疱提示疱疹。
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