感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should the urethral meatus be cared for in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter?
A nurse teaches new parents about safe infant sleep. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
共情(empathy)与同情(sympathy)有什么区别?
A woman leaks small amounts of urine when she coughs, sneezes or laughs. Which type of incontinence is this?
高压蒸汽灭菌器如何对器械进行灭菌?
为什么克拉维酸等 β-内酰胺酶抑制剂要与阿莫西林联用?
答案: C · With routine hygiene, using soap and water during daily washing
Routine perineal hygiene with soap and water is recommended. Antiseptic creams and routine irrigation do not reduce infection, and moving the catheter in and out carries organisms into the bladder.
答案: B · “We will put a soft bumper pad and a blanket in the crib so the baby is cozy.”
Soft bedding, bumpers and loose blankets increase the risk of suffocation and sudden infant death. The crib should hold only a firm mattress with a fitted sheet.
答案: A · 共情是从患者的角度理解其感受
共情是理解并体会他人的视角,并把这种理解表达出来。同情是为某人感到怜悯或悲伤,这可能会造成距离感。
答案: B · Stress incontinence
Stress incontinence occurs when raised abdominal pressure overcomes weak pelvic floor support. Pelvic floor exercises are a first-line treatment. Urge incontinence is a sudden strong need to void.
答案: D · 用约121 °C 的加压蒸汽
加压蒸汽可达约121 °C,能杀死包括芽孢在内的所有微生物,通常需要约15分钟或更长时间,取决于装载量。
答案: B · 它们保护阿莫西林不被破坏它的细菌酶分解
β-内酰胺酶会水解 β-内酰胺环。克拉维酸与这些酶结合,使阿莫西林对产 β-内酰胺酶的细菌保持活性。
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