感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?

  1. AMMR is safe at any stage of pregnancy
  2. BMMR is only given to pregnant women who work in hospitals
  3. CMMR should be given as soon as possible in the first trimester to protect the baby
  4. DMMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches the daughter of a patient with moderate Alzheimer’s disease about home safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“She wears an ID bracelet in case she gets lost.”
  2. B“I keep her medicines locked away and give each dose to her myself.”
  3. C“We put locks high up on the outside doors.”
  4. D“I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”
3.护理学基础中等

How should the ear be positioned when taking a tympanic temperature in an adult?

  1. AGently pull the outer ear up and back
  2. BLeave the ear alone and insert the probe deeply
  3. CGently pull the outer ear down and back
  4. DPush the outer ear forward against the cheek
4.护理学基础困难

A patient opens their eyes only to pain, makes incomprehensible sounds and withdraws from a painful stimulus. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?

  1. A8
  2. B9
  3. C6
  4. D11
5.微生物学中等

mRNA 疫苗如何产生免疫力？

  1. AmRNA 含有减毒活病毒
  2. BmRNA 被永久插入人类 DNA
  3. CmRNA 在血液中直接杀死病毒
  4. D人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白，免疫系统学会识别它
6.微生物学困难

金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快？

  1. A细菌立即侵入血液
  2. B免疫系统在几分钟内对细菌产生反应
  3. C细菌在肠道内繁殖得非常快并侵入肠壁
  4. D细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery

为什么是这个答案

Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.

答案

D · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · “I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”

为什么是这个答案

People with moderate dementia may forget a lit stove, causing fires or burns. Cooking should be supervised, or stove knobs removed or controls disabled. The other statements show good safety planning.

答案

D · “I let Mom cook alone on the gas stove because she enjoys it.”
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Gently pull the outer ear up and back

为什么是这个答案

Pulling the pinna up and back straightens the adult ear canal so the probe points at the eardrum. In young children the pinna is pulled down and back instead.

答案

A · Gently pull the outer ear up and back
4.护理学基础

答案: A · 8

为什么是这个答案

Eyes to pain score 2, incomprehensible sounds score 2 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 8. A GCS of 8 or less suggests the patient may not be able to protect their airway.

答案

A · 8
5.微生物学

答案: D · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白，免疫系统学会识别它

为什么是这个答案

mRNA 被细胞翻译成一种抗原，例如冠状病毒的刺突蛋白，免疫系统对其产生应答。mRNA 随后被降解，不会进入细胞核。

答案

D · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白，免疫系统学会识别它
6.微生物学

答案: D · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

为什么是这个答案

S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在，并且能耐受重新加热，因此症状很快出现。

答案

D · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素

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