感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient with diabetes will use lancets and insulin needles at home. Which teaching about disposal is correct?

  1. APut them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
  2. BPut them loose in the household trash bag, as long as the bag is tied shut
  3. CRecap each needle with two hands before putting it in the kitchen trash
  4. DFlush the used lancets and needles down the toilet
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on oxygen needs an MRI scan. Which plan is safe?

  1. ATake the usual steel cylinder into the room if it is tightly strapped to the trolley frame
  2. BLeave the steel cylinder on the patient’s bed during the scan
  3. CRemove the oxygen for the scan without telling anyone
  4. DUse only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
3.护理学基础中等

A nurse posts about an "interesting patient" on social media without naming them. Why is this a problem?

  1. AIt is only a problem if the post also includes a photograph of the patient
  2. BThe patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
  3. CIt is not a problem if the account is private
  4. DIt is not a problem because no name was given
4.护理学基础困难

An older patient who lives alone is ready to go home after a hip fracture but worries about washing and cooking. Which referral is most appropriate?

  1. AOccupational therapy for a home assessment
  2. BSpeech and language therapy for a swallowing assessment
  3. CDietitian for a weight-loss plan
  4. DPodiatry for nail care
5.微生物学中等

新感染时哪类抗体最先升高？

  1. AIgM
  2. BIgE
  3. CIgA
  4. DIgG
6.微生物学困难

一名青少年出现发热、颈项强直和压之不褪色的紫色皮疹。脑脊液中发现革兰氏阴性双球菌。最可能的病原体是什么？

  1. ANeisseria meningitidis
  2. BStreptococcus pneumoniae
  3. CEscherichia coli
  4. DListeria monocytogenes

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules

为什么是这个答案

Home sharps go into a puncture-resistant container, such as an approved sharps container or a rigid plastic bottle if local rules allow, which is closed and disposed of according to local guidance.

答案

A · Put them in a puncture-resistant container with a lid and follow local disposal rules
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room

为什么是这个答案

Steel oxygen cylinders can become projectiles in an MRI room and cause fatal injuries. Only equipment labeled MRI-safe is used, and the patient’s oxygen needs are planned with the MRI team.

答案

D · Use only MRI-safe equipment, and never take a standard steel oxygen cylinder into the scanner room
3.护理学基础

答案: B · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality

为什么是这个答案

Details such as the ward, the condition or the date can reveal who a patient is. Professional codes forbid sharing patient information on social media, even without names.

答案

B · The patient may still be identifiable, which breaches confidentiality
4.护理学基础

答案: A · Occupational therapy for a home assessment

为什么是这个答案

Occupational therapists assess how people manage daily activities and the home, and can arrange equipment such as perching stools and raised toilet seats.

答案

A · Occupational therapy for a home assessment
5.微生物学

答案: A · IgM

为什么是这个答案

在初次免疫应答中 IgM 最先出现；随后出现 IgG，提供长期保护。因此 IgM 阳性提示近期感染。

答案

A · IgM
6.微生物学

答案: A · Neisseria meningitidis

为什么是这个答案

脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Neisseria meningitidis）是一种革兰氏阴性双球菌，可引起脑膜炎和伴瘀点或紫癜样皮疹的败血症。需要紧急使用抗生素，密切接触者可能需要预防性用药。

答案

A · Neisseria meningitidis

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety