感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). A family member presses the button while the patient sleeps. What should the nurse explain?
一名护士看到同事没有做手卫生就从一位患者走向下一位患者。最佳做法是什么?
A patient has just died. What should the nurse find out before starting last offices?
Five days after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with sharp chest pain and a fast heart rate. What should the nurse suspect?
哪种细菌引起百日咳?
为什么人可以多次得流感,而麻疹通常只得一次?
答案: A · Only the patient should press it, because this keeps the system safe
PCA is safe because a patient who becomes drowsy stops pressing the button. When others press it (“PCA by proxy”), sedation and respiratory depression can occur.
答案: A · 立即礼貌地提醒同事
及时而尊重的提醒可防止下一位患者受到伤害。大多数医院鼓励所有工作人员对手卫生问题发声,这是安全文化的一部分。
答案: B · The family's religious and cultural wishes
Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.
答案: C · A pulmonary embolism
Sudden breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain and tachycardia after surgery suggest a clot from the leg has reached the lungs. This is an emergency needing urgent medical review.
答案: A · Bordetella pertussis
百日咳鲍特菌(Bordetella pertussis)引起长时间的阵发性咳嗽,伴有"鸡鸣样"回声。它对幼小婴儿最危险,这就是许多国家为孕妇提供疫苗接种的原因。
答案: A · 流感病毒经常改变其表面抗原
流感病毒的血凝素和神经氨酸酶会通过漂移(小突变)和转变(基因重配)而改变,旧抗体可能识别不了新毒株。麻疹病毒抗原稳定。
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