感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Before inserting a peripheral IV, the nurse cleans the skin with chlorhexidine-alcohol. What should the nurse do next?
A patient on chemotherapy develops shingles over several areas on both sides of the body. Which precautions are needed?
How should an unconscious patient be positioned for mouth care?
一名患者出现急性腹泻,疑似 Clostridioides difficile(艰难梭菌)感染。哪组措施是正确的?
霍乱引起大量"米泔水样"腹泻。最重要的治疗是什么?
一名儿童吃了未煮熟的汉堡后出现血性腹泻,一周后出现肾衰竭、贫血和血小板减少。最可能的病原体是什么?
答案: C · Let it dry fully and do not touch the site again
Chlorhexidine-alcohol must dry completely to kill organisms effectively. Touching the site after cleaning contaminates it, so the vein is located before prepping or with a sterile glove.
答案: C · Airborne and contact precautions until all lesions are crusted
Lesions over several areas on both sides mean disseminated zoster, which can spread through the air like chickenpox. Airborne and contact precautions are used until all lesions are dry and crusted. Localized zoster in an immunocompromised patient also needs airborne and contact precautions, but only until dissemination is ruled out.
答案: C · On their side with the head turned, with suction ready
Side-lying lets fluid drain from the mouth instead of into the airway. Only small amounts of fluid are used, and suction is kept at hand to reduce the risk of aspiration.
答案: D · 隔离患者,使用手套和围裙,用肥皂和水洗手
疑似艰难梭菌感染需要及时隔离并采取接触防护。芽孢不能被酒精杀灭,因此要用肥皂和水洗手,并用含氯等杀芽孢剂清洁环境。
答案: C · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
霍乱毒素使肠道细胞分泌大量水和盐。迅速补液能挽救大多数生命;抗生素只能缩短病程。
答案: B · 产志贺毒素的大肠埃希菌,如 O157:H7
产志贺毒素的 E. coli 损伤肠道和肾脏的小血管,引起溶血尿毒综合征。牛是储存宿主,因此未煮熟的牛肉馅是典型的感染来源。
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