感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
使用中心静脉导管接头之前,护士应该做什么?
A patient with depression has suddenly become calm and is giving away personal possessions. What does this suggest?
Why should a tourniquet not be left on for a long time before taking blood?
What is the effect of deflating the blood pressure cuff too quickly?
在诊断实验室中,PCR 的作用是什么?
哪种过程可能产生一种全新的、引起大流行的甲型流感亚型?
答案: C · 用消毒剂擦洗接头并待其干燥
用酒精或氯己定等消毒剂“擦洗接头”,并充分摩擦、留足干燥时间,可减少中心静脉导管相关血流感染。干燥时间是消毒的一部分。
答案: A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
A sudden improvement in mood with giving away belongings can mean the person has made a plan. The nurse assesses suicide risk directly, increases observation and informs the team.
答案: D · It can change the results, for example by concentrating the blood
Prolonged tourniquet time causes fluid to leave the vessel and can alter results such as potassium and protein. It is applied only as long as needed.
答案: B · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
Fast deflation means the gauge drops past the first and last sounds before they are heard. The usual advice is to deflate at about 2–3 mmHg per second.
答案: C · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
聚合酶链反应能把目标序列扩增数百万倍,可以检测难以培养的病原体;RNA 病毒需先转化为 DNA(RT-PCR)。
答案: D · 通过基因片段重配发生的抗原转变
当两种不同的甲型流感病毒感染同一个细胞时,它们的片段可以混合,产生新的血凝素或神经氨酸酶组合。很少有人对其免疫,因此可能随之发生大流行。抗原漂移则引起每年较小的变化。
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