感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse has been fit-tested for an N95 respirator. What should the nurse do each time it is put on?

  1. AArrange a new fit test
  2. BWear a surgical mask underneath it
  3. CPerform a user seal check
  4. DMoisten the edges so it seals better
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

An 84-year-old resident with an indwelling catheter suddenly becomes confused but has no fever. What should the nurse consider?

  1. AAn infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
  2. BA sedative is needed to keep the resident calm
  3. CThe confusion is part of normal aging at this age and needs no further action
  4. DInfection can be ruled out because there is no fever
3.护理学基础中等

Why is an IV giving set primed before connecting it to the patient?

  1. ATo remove air from the line
  2. BTo check the speed of the pump
  3. CTo test whether the patient is allergic to the fluid
  4. DTo warm the fluid to body temperature
4.护理学基础困难

A healthcare assistant (nursing assistant) has recorded a blood pressure of 82/50 mmHg during routine observations but did not report it. What should the registered nurse do first?

  1. AAssess the patient straight away
  2. BComplete an incident report
  3. CTalk to the healthcare assistant about reporting
  4. DRepeat the observations at the next routine time
5.微生物学中等

哪种疫苗含有减毒活病毒？

  1. A灭活流感注射疫苗
  2. BMMR（麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹）疫苗
  3. C破伤风疫苗
  4. D乙型肝炎疫苗
6.微生物学困难

细菌把药物泵出细胞时，使用的是哪种耐药机制？

  1. A靶点改变
  2. B外排泵
  3. C酶灭活
  4. D仅通过孔蛋白减少摄入

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Perform a user seal check

为什么是这个答案

A fit test confirms that a model and size suit the person. A user seal check, breathing in and out to feel for leaks at the edges, is done every time the respirator is put on.

答案

C · Perform a user seal check
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report

为什么是这个答案

In older adults, infections such as urinary tract infection may present with new confusion, falls or reduced appetite rather than fever. Sudden confusion is assessed and reported, not dismissed as aging.

答案

A · An infection may present as confusion in older adults, so assess further and report
3.护理学基础

答案: A · To remove air from the line

为什么是这个答案

Priming fills the line with fluid and removes air, which could otherwise enter the vein and cause an air embolism.

答案

A · To remove air from the line
4.护理学基础

答案: A · Assess the patient straight away

为什么是这个答案

A low blood pressure may mean deterioration, so the nurse assesses the patient at once and escalates if needed. Feedback to the assistant and reporting follow afterwards.

答案

A · Assess the patient straight away
5.微生物学

答案: B · MMR（麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹）疫苗

为什么是这个答案

MMR 含有减毒活病毒，它们会少量复制，产生强大而持久的免疫力。破伤风疫苗是类毒素，乙肝疫苗是亚单位疫苗。

答案

B · MMR（麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹）疫苗
6.微生物学

答案: B · 外排泵

为什么是这个答案

外排泵主动把四环素类和氟喹诺酮类等抗生素排出，使细胞内浓度过低而无法起效。

答案

B · 外排泵

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