感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
护士接到电话口头医嘱。最安全的做法是什么?
In START triage, a casualty cannot walk and is breathing 36 times a minute. Which category applies?
A patient asks to see their own health records. What is correct in the UK?
A nurse escalated a deteriorating patient, but the doctor has not come after 30 minutes and the patient is getting worse. What should the nurse do?
哪种疫苗含有减毒活病毒?
高危型 HPV 如何促成宫颈癌?
答案: C · 写下来并向开医嘱者复述确认
写下医嘱并复述,可确认听到的内容无误。根据规定,口头医嘱仅限于紧急情况,之后须由开医嘱者签字。
答案: B · Red (immediate)
In START, a non-walking casualty who is breathing more than 30 times a minute is tagged red, immediate. Fast breathing suggests a serious problem that needs urgent treatment.
答案: B · Patients have a legal right to request access to their records
Under data protection law, patients can request access to their health records. The nurse explains the local process for making a request.
答案: D · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
If a response is delayed and the patient deteriorates, the nurse follows the escalation policy to the next level and keeps monitoring and supporting ABCDE. Each step is documented.
答案: B · MMR(麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹)疫苗
MMR 含有减毒活病毒,它们会少量复制,产生强大而持久的免疫力。破伤风疫苗是类毒素,乙肝疫苗是亚单位疫苗。
答案: B · 病毒的 E6 和 E7 蛋白使抑癌蛋白 p53 和 Rb 失活
E6 促进 p53 的降解,E7 与 Rb 结合,从而解除了对细胞分裂和 DNA 修复的控制。受感染的细胞随后可能在数年间积累突变而癌变。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety