感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a portable oxygen cylinder be kept in a patient’s room?
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
Why is early mobilisation important for older inpatients?
A patient asks for a same-sex nurse for intimate care because of their religious beliefs. What should the nurse do?
在细菌生长曲线的哪个阶段,细胞以最快的恒定速率分裂?
血培养阳性,显示成簇的革兰氏阳性球菌。最可能是哪种微生物?
答案: A · Secured upright in a stand or holder
Oxygen cylinders are under high pressure and can be damaged or cause injury if they fall. They are kept upright in a holder or cart, away from heat and flames.
答案: D · 限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
应先尝试限制性较小的措施:重新定向、查找疼痛等原因、把管道固定在看不到的位置,以及安排人员陪伴患者。只有这些措施无效且患者有风险时,才在有医嘱的情况下使用约束或镇静剂。
答案: B · Bed rest quickly causes loss of strength and independence
Older adults lose muscle strength quickly in bed, which leads to falls and loss of independence. Getting up, dressed and moving as soon as safe helps prevent this deconditioning.
答案: D · Arrange it where possible and record the preference in the care plan
Respecting such preferences supports dignity and trust. The nurse arranges it whenever possible, records it and explains if it cannot be met in an emergency.
答案: C · 对数(指数)期
经过适应性的迟缓期后,细胞进入对数期并呈指数生长。在稳定期,由于营养耗尽、废物积累,生长停止。
答案: D · Staphylococcus
葡萄球菌呈葡萄串状成簇生长;链球菌和肠球菌呈链状或成对。奈瑟菌是革兰氏阴性双球菌。
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