感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Before inserting a peripheral IV, the nurse cleans the skin with chlorhexidine-alcohol. What should the nurse do next?
一名意识混乱、戴着腕部约束带的患者,一只手的手指发凉、苍白,该侧桡动脉搏动减弱。护士首先应做什么?
A patient tells the nurse about abuse and asks them to keep it a secret. What should the nurse say?
Why must medicines for Parkinson's disease, such as levodopa, be given on time?
HIV 主要感染并破坏哪些细胞?
一位老年人在胸部一侧出现带状分布的疼痛性水疱疹。如何解释这种分布?
答案: A · Let it dry fully and do not touch the site again
Chlorhexidine-alcohol must dry completely to kill organisms effectively. Touching the site after cleaning contaminates it, so the vein is located before prepping or with a sterile glove.
答案: B · 松开该侧约束带并评估手部的血液循环
约束带远端出现循环不良的征象,需要立即松开并评估。只有在仍有必要时才正确重新系上,并用两指检查法确认,同时上报并记录发现。
答案: B · That they cannot promise secrecy if someone is at risk of harm
Nurses must not promise secrecy when there is a risk of harm. They listen, stay calm, explain what will happen, record the disclosure and follow safeguarding procedures.
答案: B · Late doses can cause severe stiffness, falls and swallowing problems
Levodopa wears off quickly, and delays can cause rigidity, falls, swallowing difficulty and aspiration. It is a time-critical medicine in hospital.
答案: D · CD4 辅助性 T 细胞
HIV 与辅助性 T 细胞上的 CD4 及一个辅助受体结合。这些细胞的丧失会削弱体液免疫和细胞免疫,最终导致艾滋病。
答案: A · 水痘-带状疱疹病毒从一个感觉神经节重新激活,并沿其神经移行
患水痘后,VZV 潜伏在脊神经后根或脑神经节中。当免疫力下降时,它可能重新激活,沿该神经下行,在其支配的皮节引起带状疱疹。
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