感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which instruction about using a standard walker is correct?

  1. APush up from the walker to stand from a chair
  2. BCarry the walker and use it only when tired
  3. CMove the walker forward, then step into it
  4. DWalk well ahead of the walker for balance
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches a patient about home oxygen safety. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
  2. B“I will keep my oxygen away from the stove.”
  3. C“I will keep my spare cylinders upright and secured.”
  4. D“I will put a ‘no smoking’ sign on my front door for visitors.”
3.护理学基础中等

How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?

  1. AIn any shape, as long as the bag sticks
  2. BMuch larger than the stoma so that the edge never rubs against it
  3. CSmaller than the stoma so it grips it tightly
  4. DTo fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
4.护理学基础困难

The wife of a man with terminal cancer cries often and says she is already grieving for him. What is this called?

  1. ADelayed grief
  2. BComplicated grief
  3. CAnticipatory grief
  4. DDisenfranchised grief
5.微生物学中等

引起唇疱疹和水痘的病毒属于哪个病毒科？

  1. A逆转录病毒
  2. B疱疹病毒
  3. C冠状病毒
  4. D小 RNA 病毒
6.微生物学困难

几个人在吃了前一天做好、在室温下放置的炒饭后几小时内呕吐。典型的病原体是什么？

  1. AListeria monocytogenes
  2. BClostridium botulinum
  3. CBacillus cereus
  4. DSalmonella Typhi

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Move the walker forward, then step into it

为什么是这个答案

The patient moves the walker forward, sets it down with all legs on the floor and then steps into it. To stand, they push up from the chair arms, because a walker can tip if used to pull up.

答案

C · Move the walker forward, then step into it
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”

为什么是这个答案

Oxygen supports combustion, so open flames such as candles, matches, gas stoves and cigarettes must be kept away whatever the flow rate. The other statements are correct.

答案

A · “I can light candles at dinner if my oxygen is turned down low.”
3.护理学基础

答案: D · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it

为什么是这个答案

The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.

答案

D · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Anticipatory grief

为什么是这个答案

Anticipatory grief happens before an expected death. It is a normal reaction, and nurses can support it by listening and involving the family in care.

答案

C · Anticipatory grief
5.微生物学

答案: B · 疱疹病毒

为什么是这个答案

单纯疱疹病毒（唇疱疹）和水痘-带状疱疹病毒（水痘、带状疱疹）都是疱疹病毒，潜伏在感觉神经节中并可再次激活。

答案

B · 疱疹病毒
6.微生物学

答案: C · Bacillus cereus

为什么是这个答案

蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）的芽孢能耐受煮沸。如果熟米饭在温热状态下放置，细菌会生长并产生耐热的呕吐毒素，因此重新加热并不能使米饭变得安全。

答案

C · Bacillus cereus

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