感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient on contact precautions must be taken to another department for a test. What is correct?

  1. APut the patient in a separate elevator with the doors open
  2. BCancel the test until the precautions are no longer needed, however urgent it is
  3. CCover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department
  4. DHave the patient wear an N95 respirator during transport
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ACall the blood bank and let the transfusion continue
  2. BStop the transfusion
  3. CGive an antipyretic and continue the transfusion
  4. DSlow the transfusion and recheck vital signs in 15 minutes
3.护理学基础中等

How does pursed-lip breathing help a patient with COPD?

  1. AIt replaces the need for inhaled medicines
  2. BIt makes the patient breathe faster to take in more air
  3. CIt keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
  4. DIt increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
4.护理学基础困难

A patient going home on warfarin has been taught about the drug. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll report any blood in my urine or black stools."
  2. B"I'll keep my appointments for blood tests."
  3. C"I'll try to keep the amount of green vegetables I eat steady."
  4. D"I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
5.微生物学中等

母乳中的抗体提供哪种免疫？

  1. A天然被动免疫
  2. B人工主动免疫
  3. C人工被动免疫
  4. D天然主动免疫
6.微生物学困难

19世纪40年代，伊格纳兹·塞麦尔维斯降低了维也纳一家产科诊所的产褥热死亡率。他引入了什么措施？

  1. A用青霉素治疗产妇
  2. B让产妇在分娩后留在单独的隔离病房
  3. C在检查产妇之前用漂白粉（氯化石灰）溶液洗手
  4. D在分娩前给所有母亲接种疫苗

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Cover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department

为什么是这个答案

Transport is limited to what is necessary. Infected areas are contained or covered, the patient wears a clean gown, the receiving area is informed and equipment is cleaned afterwards.

答案

C · Cover wounds, give the patient a clean gown and tell the receiving department
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Stop the transfusion

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.

答案

B · Stop the transfusion
3.护理学基础

答案: C · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing

为什么是这个答案

Breathing out slowly through pursed lips creates back-pressure that keeps small airways open, helping to empty trapped air and reducing breathlessness.

答案

C · It keeps the airways open longer and slows the breathing
4.护理学基础

答案: D · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."

为什么是这个答案

Vitamin K in green vegetables opposes warfarin, so a stable intake keeps the INR steady. Cutting them out suddenly can make the INR rise; bleeding signs and blood tests are correct points.

答案

D · "I'll stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
5.微生物学

答案: A · 天然被动免疫

为什么是这个答案

通过母乳传递的抗体（主要是 IgA）提供自然获得的被动免疫。由于没有形成记忆细胞，这种免疫持续时间短。

答案

A · 天然被动免疫
6.微生物学

答案: C · 在检查产妇之前用漂白粉（氯化石灰）溶液洗手

为什么是这个答案

塞麦尔维斯注意到，由同时做尸检的医生负责的病房死亡率更高。用漂白粉进行手消毒使死亡人数大幅下降，而那时细菌学说还远未被接受。

答案

C · 在检查产妇之前用漂白粉（氯化石灰）溶液洗手

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety