感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which drugs are used as antidotes for nerve agent poisoning?

  1. AVitamin K and protamine
  2. BNaloxone and flumazenil
  3. CAtropine and pralidoxime
  4. DAcetylcysteine and charcoal
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?

  1. ABlame the pharmacy for the error so that the nurse and the ward are not at fault
  2. BTell the patient nothing happened to avoid worry
  3. CBe honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
  4. DTell the patient to make a formal complaint to find out
3.护理学基础中等

什么时候应该用肥皂和水洗手,而不是使用含酒精的手消毒剂?

  1. A每次常规测量生命体征之前
  2. B手上有肉眼可见的污垢或污染时
  3. C从不,因为含酒精的手消毒剂总是更好
  4. D只在班次开始时
4.护理学基础困难

A patient with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis has to go to the X-ray department. What is correct?

  1. AThe patient wears a surgical mask during transport
  2. BThe patient cannot leave the room under any circumstances
  3. CThe patient wears a respirator and staff wear nothing
  4. DNo precautions are needed outside the ward
5.微生物学中等

霍乱引起大量"米泔水样"腹泻。最重要的治疗是什么?

  1. A通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
  2. B抗病毒药物
  3. C停止一切口服液体摄入,让肠道休息和恢复
  4. D抗真菌药物
6.微生物学困难

细菌把药物泵出细胞时,使用的是哪种耐药机制?

  1. A外排泵
  2. B靶点改变
  3. C仅通过孔蛋白减少摄入
  4. D酶灭活

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Atropine and pralidoxime

为什么是这个答案

Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.

答案

C · Atropine and pralidoxime
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy

为什么是这个答案

Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.

答案

C · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
3.护理学基础

答案: B · 手上有肉眼可见的污垢或污染时

为什么是这个答案

手上有可见污垢或被体液污染时,需要用肥皂和水洗手。对于看起来干净的手,含酒精的手消毒剂在大多数"五个时刻"中都快速有效。

答案

B · 手上有肉眼可见的污垢或污染时
4.护理学基础

答案: A · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport

为什么是这个答案

When an airborne-precaution patient must leave the room, they wear a surgical mask to contain respiratory secretions. Staff in close contact still wear respirators as per policy, and the receiving department is informed.

答案

A · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
5.微生物学

答案: A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分

为什么是这个答案

霍乱毒素使肠道细胞分泌大量水和盐。迅速补液能挽救大多数生命;抗生素只能缩短病程。

答案

A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
6.微生物学

答案: A · 外排泵

为什么是这个答案

外排泵主动把四环素类和氟喹诺酮类等抗生素排出,使细胞内浓度过低而无法起效。

答案

A · 外排泵

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