感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which drugs are used as antidotes for nerve agent poisoning?
A patient was harmed by a medication error and asks the nurse what happened. Which approach is best?
什么时候应该用肥皂和水洗手,而不是使用含酒精的手消毒剂?
A patient with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis has to go to the X-ray department. What is correct?
霍乱引起大量"米泔水样"腹泻。最重要的治疗是什么?
细菌把药物泵出细胞时,使用的是哪种耐药机制?
答案: C · Atropine and pralidoxime
Nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase, causing excess acetylcholine. Atropine blocks muscarinic effects such as secretions and bradycardia, and pralidoxime helps to reactivate the enzyme.
答案: C · Be honest that an error occurred and involve the provider and team in disclosure per policy
Open, honest disclosure of errors is an ethical duty and part of a safety culture. The nurse follows policy, which usually involves the provider and risk team, and does not hide or blame.
答案: B · 手上有肉眼可见的污垢或污染时
手上有可见污垢或被体液污染时,需要用肥皂和水洗手。对于看起来干净的手,含酒精的手消毒剂在大多数"五个时刻"中都快速有效。
答案: A · The patient wears a surgical mask during transport
When an airborne-precaution patient must leave the room, they wear a surgical mask to contain respiratory secretions. Staff in close contact still wear respirators as per policy, and the receiving department is informed.
答案: A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
霍乱毒素使肠道细胞分泌大量水和盐。迅速补液能挽救大多数生命;抗生素只能缩短病程。
答案: A · 外排泵
外排泵主动把四环素类和氟喹诺酮类等抗生素排出,使细胞内浓度过低而无法起效。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety