感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Many intensive care units bathe patients daily with chlorhexidine. What is the main purpose?

  1. ATo lower the patient’s body temperature
  2. BTo moisturize dry skin in older patients
  3. CTo reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
  4. DTo treat existing wound infections without the need for antibiotics
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient receiving chemotherapy has an absolute neutrophil count of 400/mm3 (0.4 × 109/L) and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do?

  1. AReport it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
  2. BEncourage oral fluids and record the result in the chart
  3. CRecheck the temperature in four hours before calling anyone about it
  4. DGive an antipyretic and reassess at the next routine round
3.护理学基础中等

What is the correct order of techniques when assessing the abdomen?

  1. AAuscultation, palpation, inspection, percussion
  2. BPalpation, inspection, auscultation, percussion
  3. CInspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
  4. DInspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
4.护理学基础困难

Under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales), a patient with capacity makes a decision staff think is unwise. What follows?

  1. AAn unwise decision on its own proves that the person lacks capacity
  2. BThe family must be asked to make the decision instead
  3. CAn unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
  4. DStaff may override any decision they think is unwise
5.微生物学中等

在急性细菌感染中，哪种白细胞是主要的吞噬细胞，也是脓液的主要成分？

  1. AB 淋巴细胞
  2. B嗜碱性粒细胞
  3. C嗜酸性粒细胞
  4. D中性粒细胞
6.微生物学困难

抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）是：

  1. A开始出现副作用时的血浆浓度
  2. B在体外杀死 99.9% 细菌接种物的最低浓度
  3. C患者能耐受的最高剂量
  4. D在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines

为什么是这个答案

Daily chlorhexidine bathing lowers the number of organisms on the skin, reducing central line-associated bloodstream infections and the spread of resistant bacteria in ICUs.

答案

C · To reduce skin bacteria and bloodstream infections linked to central lines
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency

为什么是这个答案

Febrile neutropenia can progress to sepsis quickly. The nurse reports it immediately so cultures can be taken and antibiotics started without delay.

答案

A · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation

为什么是这个答案

In the abdomen the nurse listens before touching, because percussion and palpation can change bowel sounds. In other body systems palpation and percussion come before auscultation.

答案

C · Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation
4.护理学基础

答案: C · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity

为什么是这个答案

One of the Act's principles is that a person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision. Staff can explain risks, but the decision is the patient's.

答案

C · An unwise decision alone does not mean the person lacks capacity
5.微生物学

答案: D · 中性粒细胞

为什么是这个答案

中性粒细胞迅速到达感染部位并吞噬细菌。死亡的中性粒细胞、细菌和组织碎片形成脓液。

答案

D · 中性粒细胞
6.微生物学

答案: D · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

为什么是这个答案

MIC 是抑制可见生长的最低浓度。最低杀菌浓度（MBC）是杀死 99.9% 细菌的最低浓度。

答案

D · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

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