感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient needs to be moved up in bed and cannot help much. Which approach is safest?
带有密封放射性植入物的患者报告说,植入物掉到了床上。护士应怎么做?
At what angle is a subcutaneous injection usually given?
A man skips bowel cancer screening because he feels healthy and thinks cancer will not happen to him. Which Health Belief Model concept best explains this?
哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)食物中毒在进食后仅1–6小时就开始发作。为什么这么快?
答案: A · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
Lowering the head of the bed, if the patient tolerates it, and using a slide sheet with two or more staff reduces the force needed. Pulling on arms can injure shoulders, and dragging damages skin.
答案: D · 用长柄镊子将其放入铅容器
脱落的放射源绝不能用手去碰。长柄镊子可保持距离,铅容器可屏蔽放射源,并应立即通知辐射安全员。
答案: D · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答案: C · Low perceived susceptibility
In the Health Belief Model, people act when they believe they are susceptible to a serious condition and that action will help. Low perceived susceptibility reduces the chance of screening.
答案: C · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。
答案: B · 细菌在食物被吃下之前就已在其中产生了耐热毒素
S. aureus 在放置于温热环境的食物中产生肠毒素。食物被吃下时毒素已经存在,并且能耐受重新加热,因此症状很快出现。
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