感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
An adult with hepatitis A is incontinent of stool. Which precautions are used?
According to the “Swiss cheese” model of error, why do errors reach patients?
注册护士把一项任务委派给护理助理。谁对委派这一决定负责?
Which statement by a visitor shows a need for further teaching about contact precautions?
下列哪一项是科赫法则之一?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 只有在产生白喉毒素时才会引起白喉。它在什么情况下产生这种毒素?
答案: D · Contact precautions in addition to standard precautions
Hepatitis A spreads through fecal contamination. For a patient who is incontinent or in diapers, contact precautions are added to standard precautions to prevent spread on hands and surfaces.
答案: A · Weaknesses in several layers of defense line up at the same time
Reason’s Swiss cheese model shows that each safety layer, such as prescribing, dispensing, checking and scanning, has weaknesses. Harm happens when the holes in several layers line up, so safety improvement focuses on strengthening the system.
答案: B · 注册护士
护士对恰当委派负责,即委派给有能力的人,并在需要时进行督导。接受任务的人对妥善完成任务负责。
答案: D · "I'll take the gown off at home after I leave the hospital."
PPE is removed in or at the door of the patient's room and disposed of there, followed by hand hygiene. Wearing it out of the room spreads the organism.
答案: C · 将该生物接种到健康易感宿主体内时,必须引起相同的疾病
科赫法则指出,该微生物必须在每个病例中都能找到,能进行纯培养,能在健康宿主中引起该病,并能从该宿主体内再次分离出来。有些病原体无法培养,因此这些法则有其局限性。
答案: C · 当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时
tox 基因由噬菌体携带。当噬菌体作为原噬菌体整合后,细菌就能产生毒素。不带该噬菌体的菌株不产毒。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety