感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which practice is safe when transferring a patient from a bed to a stretcher?

  1. ALeave the stretcher wheels unlocked so it can move with the patient
  2. BLock the wheels of both the bed and the stretcher before moving the patient
  3. CHave the patient slide across without help or a slide sheet
  4. DLower the stretcher side rails during transport
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse notices that the pharmacy has sent the wrong dose and corrects it before giving it. Should the event be reported?

  1. AOnly if the same error happens three times
  2. BNo, because the patient was not harmed
  3. CYes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
  4. DNo, because reporting near misses only blames the pharmacy staff for nothing
3.护理学基础中等

At what angle is a subcutaneous injection usually given?

  1. A90 degrees after stretching the skin flat
  2. BAlways exactly 15 degrees, with the skin stretched flat
  3. CAlways parallel to the skin
  4. D45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
4.护理学基础困难

In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive it and tell the doctor nothing more
  2. BRefuse to give any medicine until a written prescription has been completed
  3. CWrite it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
  4. DAsk another nurse to remember the order
5.微生物学中等

新感染时哪类抗体最先升高？

  1. AIgG
  2. BIgE
  3. CIgA
  4. DIgM
6.微生物学困难

HIV 等逆转录病毒如何把自己的基因组复制到宿主 DNA 中？

  1. A宿主 DNA 聚合酶在没有帮助的情况下复制 RNA
  2. B逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入
  3. C核糖体把病毒 RNA 翻译成 DNA
  4. D宿主 RNA 聚合酶直接复制病毒 DNA

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Lock the wheels of both the bed and the stretcher before moving the patient

为什么是这个答案

Both surfaces are locked and at the same height before the transfer, a slide sheet is used and enough staff help. Side rails are raised on the stretcher during transport.

答案

B · Lock the wheels of both the bed and the stretcher before moving the patient
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed

为什么是这个答案

Near misses show where errors can slip through and are reported in the same way as errors that reach the patient. Learning from them prevents future harm.

答案

C · Yes, near misses are reported so system weaknesses can be fixed
3.护理学基础

答案: D · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat

为什么是这个答案

The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.

答案

D · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy

为什么是这个答案

Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.

答案

C · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
5.微生物学

答案: D · IgM

为什么是这个答案

在初次免疫应答中 IgM 最先出现；随后出现 IgG，提供长期保护。因此 IgM 阳性提示近期感染。

答案

D · IgM
6.微生物学

答案: B · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入

为什么是这个答案

逆转录酶把 RNA 基因组转变为 DNA，整合酶再把它作为前病毒插入宿主基因组。这两种酶都是药物靶点。

答案

B · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入

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