感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Before helping a patient from bed into a wheelchair, what should the nurse do with the wheelchair?

  1. APlace it on the patient’s weaker side so that side is supported
  2. BLeave the brakes off so the chair can move along with the patient during the pivot
  3. CLock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
  4. DPlace it at the foot of the bed, facing away
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient punches a nurse during care. The nurse is not seriously hurt. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASay nothing, because violence is part of the job
  2. BRefuse to care for any patient for the rest of the week until the patient is moved
  3. CPunch the patient back in self-defense
  4. DGet medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
3.护理学基础中等

Which approach suits teaching an older adult with poor eyesight and mild memory problems?

  1. AShort sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
  2. BOne long session with all the information at once
  3. CTeaching only the family and not the patient
  4. DA detailed leaflet in small print for them to read later at home
4.护理学基础困难

The wife of a man with terminal cancer cries often and says she is already grieving for him. What is this called?

  1. ADisenfranchised grief
  2. BComplicated grief
  3. CDelayed grief
  4. DAnticipatory grief
5.微生物学中等

破伤风和白喉疫苗是类毒素疫苗。这是什么意思？

  1. A它们含有针对毒素的现成抗体，提供被动免疫
  2. B它们含有经灭活但仍能引发免疫反应的毒素
  3. C它们含有不能产生毒素的活细菌
  4. D它们只含有细菌 DNA
6.微生物学困难

为什么人可以多次得流感，而麻疹通常只得一次？

  1. A麻疹病毒没有表面抗原
  2. B麻疹由细菌引起
  3. C流感病毒经常改变其表面抗原
  4. D流感病毒攻击并破坏感染后形成的记忆细胞

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side

为什么是这个答案

Locked brakes stop the chair rolling away during the transfer. Placing it close to the bed on the stronger side lets the patient lead with their strong leg.

答案

C · Lock the brakes and place it close to the bed on the patient’s stronger side
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Get medical assessment and report the assault according to policy

为什么是这个答案

Workplace violence should always be reported. Reporting allows care for the injured staff member, review of risks and changes to the patient’s care plan to protect staff and other patients.

答案

D · Get medical assessment and report the assault according to policy
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points

为什么是这个答案

Older learners benefit from short, focused sessions, clear large print, good lighting, repetition and teach-back. Involving family can help but should not replace teaching the patient.

答案

A · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Anticipatory grief

为什么是这个答案

Anticipatory grief happens before an expected death. It is a normal reaction, and nurses can support it by listening and involving the family in care.

答案

D · Anticipatory grief
5.微生物学

答案: B · 它们含有经灭活但仍能引发免疫反应的毒素

为什么是这个答案

类毒素是经过处理（例如用甲醛）而无害但仍具有抗原性的毒素。免疫系统产生能中和真正毒素的抗体。

答案

B · 它们含有经灭活但仍能引发免疫反应的毒素
6.微生物学

答案: C · 流感病毒经常改变其表面抗原

为什么是这个答案

流感病毒的血凝素和神经氨酸酶会通过漂移（小突变）和转变（基因重配）而改变，旧抗体可能识别不了新毒株。麻疹病毒抗原稳定。

答案

C · 流感病毒经常改变其表面抗原

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