感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?
A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?
为什么开具氧疗医嘱时必须注明目标血氧饱和度范围?
A patient on regular paracetamol (acetaminophen) also takes an over-the-counter cold and flu remedy. Why is this a concern?
霍乱引起大量"米泔水样"腹泻。最重要的治疗是什么?
哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播?
答案: C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.
答案: B · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.
答案: C · 氧气是一种药物,过多或过少都可能伤害患者
氧气被视为药物。目标范围指导护士调节流量,既避免低氧血症,也避免过量吸氧带来的伤害,例如对有 CO₂ 潴留的患者。
答案: D · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
Paracetamol is in many combination products. Taking several at once can push the total over the safe daily maximum and cause liver damage, so patients are taught to check labels.
答案: A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
霍乱毒素使肠道细胞分泌大量水和盐。迅速补液能挽救大多数生命;抗生素只能缩短病程。
答案: B · 甲型和戊型肝炎
甲型(A)和戊型(E)肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播,并可引起慢性感染。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety