感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?

  1. AAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
  2. BDehydration from poor intake
  3. CA bacterial rather than a viral infection
  4. DA purely viral illness
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?

  1. AStop the precautions for a few days so the patient feels less isolated and alone
  2. BExplain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
  3. CKeep visits short to limit the risk of spreading MRSA
  4. DAsk the provider for a sedative to help the patient cope
3.护理学基础中等

为什么开具氧疗医嘱时必须注明目标血氧饱和度范围?

  1. A氧气很贵,必须计数
  2. B只有家庭氧疗才需要医嘱,医院内的氧疗不需要
  3. C氧气是一种药物,过多或过少都可能伤害患者
  4. D只允许外科患者吸氧
4.护理学基础困难

A patient on regular paracetamol (acetaminophen) also takes an over-the-counter cold and flu remedy. Why is this a concern?

  1. AThere is no concern, as cold remedies contain no drugs
  2. BParacetamol makes cold remedies cause drowsiness
  3. CCold remedies stop paracetamol from working, so the pain will not be controlled
  4. DMany cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
5.微生物学中等

霍乱引起大量"米泔水样"腹泻。最重要的治疗是什么?

  1. A通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
  2. B抗真菌药物
  3. C抗病毒药物
  4. D停止一切口服液体摄入,让肠道休息和恢复
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播?

  1. A乙型和丁型肝炎
  2. B甲型和戊型肝炎
  3. C丙型和戊型肝炎
  4. D乙型和丙型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection

为什么是这个答案

Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.

答案

C · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room

为什么是这个答案

Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.

答案

B · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
3.护理学基础

答案: C · 氧气是一种药物,过多或过少都可能伤害患者

为什么是这个答案

氧气被视为药物。目标范围指导护士调节流量,既避免低氧血症,也避免过量吸氧带来的伤害,例如对有 CO₂ 潴留的患者。

答案

C · 氧气是一种药物,过多或过少都可能伤害患者
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage

为什么是这个答案

Paracetamol is in many combination products. Taking several at once can push the total over the safe daily maximum and cause liver damage, so patients are taught to check labels.

答案

D · Many cold remedies also contain paracetamol, risking liver damage
5.微生物学

答案: A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分

为什么是这个答案

霍乱毒素使肠道细胞分泌大量水和盐。迅速补液能挽救大多数生命;抗生素只能缩短病程。

答案

A · 通过口服或静脉补液补充液体和盐分
6.微生物学

答案: B · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型(A)和戊型(E)肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播,并可引起慢性感染。

答案

B · 甲型和戊型肝炎

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