感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
对于感染 Neisseria meningitidis 的患者,飞沫传播预防通常应在何时停止?
A woman in late pregnancy is choking and cannot speak or cough. Which technique should the rescuer use?
How should dentures be cleaned to avoid breaking them?
Which action is most effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection?
mRNA 疫苗如何产生免疫力?
为什么青霉素类对 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 无效?
答案: C · 有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后
有效抗生素治疗 24 小时后,患者不再被视为具有传染性,因此可根据当地规定停止飞沫传播预防。
答案: C · Chest thrusts
For people in late pregnancy or who are very obese, chest thrusts replace abdominal thrusts because the rescuer cannot get around the abdomen effectively. Blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答案: C · Over a sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water
Cleaning over a padded or water-filled sink cushions a fall. Hot water can warp dentures, and abrasives scratch them; they are stored in a labelled denture pot.
答案: A · Removing the catheter as soon as it is no longer needed
The infection risk grows with each day of catheterisation, so the most effective step is avoiding unnecessary catheters and removing them early. Routine bladder washouts and frequent bag changes break the closed system and add risk.
答案: D · 人体细胞利用 mRNA 合成一种病毒蛋白,免疫系统学会识别它
mRNA 被细胞翻译成一种抗原,例如冠状病毒的刺突蛋白,免疫系统对其产生应答。mRNA 随后被降解,不会进入细胞核。
答案: D · 它没有可供青霉素作用的细胞壁
支原体缺乏细胞壁,因此 β-内酰胺类没有作用靶点。改用作用于核糖体的大环内酯类或四环素类。
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