感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?
A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised number of band (immature) neutrophils, called a “shift to the left”. What does this usually suggest?
A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?
一名 70 kg、留置导尿管的术后患者在过去三小时内每小时尿量为 20 mL。最佳的解读是什么?
哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?
哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播?
答案: B · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.
答案: A · An acute bacterial infection
In acute bacterial infection, the bone marrow releases neutrophils before they mature, raising the proportion of bands. Allergies and parasites raise eosinophils, and viral infections more often raise lymphocytes.
答案: C · Faecal impaction with overflow
Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.
答案: B · 少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h
对 70 kg 的成人来说,0.5 mL/kg/h 即 35 mL/h。连续数小时尿量 20 mL/h 提示肾灌注不良或急性肾损伤。应检查导尿管并上报。
答案: B · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。
答案: C · 甲型和戊型肝炎
甲型(A)和戊型(E)肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播,并可引起慢性感染。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety