感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?

  1. AMMR should be given as soon as possible in the first trimester to protect the baby
  2. BMMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
  3. CMMR is safe at any stage of pregnancy
  4. DMMR is only given to pregnant women who work in hospitals
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient’s white cell differential shows a raised number of band (immature) neutrophils, called a “shift to the left”. What does this usually suggest?

  1. AAn acute bacterial infection
  2. BA typical viral infection
  3. CA long-standing parasitic infection
  4. DAn allergic reaction
3.护理学基础中等

A bedbound patient who has not opened their bowels for a week now has liquid stool leaking constantly. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal bowel function returning
  2. BA side effect of drinking too much water
  3. CFaecal impaction with overflow
  4. DAn infection that needs antidiarrhoeal drugs at once
4.护理学基础困难

一名 70 kg、留置导尿管的术后患者在过去三小时内每小时尿量为 20 mL。最佳的解读是什么?

  1. A术后的正常尿量
  2. B少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h
  3. C导尿管堵塞,可以放心留到早班团队再处理
  4. D多尿,需要限制液体
5.微生物学中等

哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?

  1. A甲型肝炎
  2. B艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
  3. C幽门螺杆菌感染
  4. D沙门氏菌感染
6.微生物学困难

哪些肝炎病毒主要通过受污染的食物和水传播?

  1. A乙型和丙型肝炎
  2. B乙型和丁型肝炎
  3. C甲型和戊型肝炎
  4. D丙型和戊型肝炎

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery

为什么是这个答案

Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.

答案

B · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · An acute bacterial infection

为什么是这个答案

In acute bacterial infection, the bone marrow releases neutrophils before they mature, raising the proportion of bands. Allergies and parasites raise eosinophils, and viral infections more often raise lymphocytes.

答案

A · An acute bacterial infection
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Faecal impaction with overflow

为什么是这个答案

Overflow happens when liquid stool seeps around impacted hard faeces. Giving antidiarrhoeal drugs would make it worse; the nurse reports it for assessment and treatment.

答案

C · Faecal impaction with overflow
4.护理学基础

答案: B · 少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h

为什么是这个答案

对 70 kg 的成人来说,0.5 mL/kg/h 即 35 mL/h。连续数小时尿量 20 mL/h 提示肾灌注不良或急性肾损伤。应检查导尿管并上报。

答案

B · 少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h
5.微生物学

答案: B · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染

为什么是这个答案

抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。

答案

B · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
6.微生物学

答案: C · 甲型和戊型肝炎

为什么是这个答案

甲型(A)和戊型(E)肝炎经粪-口途径传播。乙型、丙型和丁型通过血液和体液传播,并可引起慢性感染。

答案

C · 甲型和戊型肝炎

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety