感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名疑似结核病患者住在负压病房。下列哪项做法是正确的?
In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?
Which nursing record entry is the best example of objective documentation?
A patient with dementia keeps getting out of bed at night. What is the best first nursing approach?
什么是潜伏期?
一处又深又脏的伤口变得肿胀且剧烈疼痛,皮下能触到气体。最可能的病原体是什么?
答案: A · 除进出外,保持房门关闭
房门应保持关闭,以维持流入房间的气流。应限制访客,并根据规定指导其做好呼吸防护。
答案: C · Yellow (delayed)
The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.
答案: D · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
Objective entries describe what was observed or measured. Vague or judgemental phrases such as "good" or "as usual" cannot be checked or compared.
答案: D · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
Restlessness in dementia often has a cause, such as needing the toilet, pain or being cold. Meeting the need is safer than restraint or sedation, which increase the risk of harm.
答案: B · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间
潜伏期是从接触病原体到症状出现的时间。有时在潜伏期内就已经可以传播感染。
答案: B · Clostridium perfringens
产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)在缺氧伤口中引起气性坏疽。它的毒素破坏肌肉,代谢产生的气体可触及捻发感。需要紧急手术和抗生素治疗。
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