感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

一名疑似结核病患者住在负压病房。下列哪项做法是正确的?

  1. A除进出外,保持房门关闭
  2. B让访客不加任何防护地进入
  3. C夜间关闭病房通风
  4. D保持房门敞开,以便工作人员随时看到患者
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?

  1. AGreen (minor)
  2. BRed (immediate)
  3. CYellow (delayed)
  4. DBlack (expectant or dead)
3.护理学基础中等

Which nursing record entry is the best example of objective documentation?

  1. A"Seemed to enjoy the meal."
  2. B"Had a good appetite today and enjoyed lunch."
  3. C"Ate well, as usual."
  4. D"Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
4.护理学基础困难

A patient with dementia keeps getting out of bed at night. What is the best first nursing approach?

  1. ARaise the bed rails and leave the patient alone
  2. BAsk the doctor to prescribe a sedative so the patient sleeps through the night
  3. CTie a sheet across the bed to keep the patient in
  4. DLook for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
5.微生物学中等

什么是潜伏期?

  1. A患者对他人保持传染性的时间
  2. B从感染到出现最初症状的时间
  3. C抗生素起效所需的时间
  4. D实验室培养所需的时间
6.微生物学困难

一处又深又脏的伤口变得肿胀且剧烈疼痛,皮下能触到气体。最可能的病原体是什么?

  1. AStreptococcus pneumoniae
  2. BClostridium perfringens
  3. CNeisseria gonorrhoeae
  4. DBordetella pertussis

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 除进出外,保持房门关闭

为什么是这个答案

房门应保持关闭,以维持流入房间的气流。应限制访客,并根据规定指导其做好呼吸防护。

答案

A · 除进出外,保持房门关闭
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Yellow (delayed)

为什么是这个答案

The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.

答案

C · Yellow (delayed)
3.护理学基础

答案: D · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."

为什么是这个答案

Objective entries describe what was observed or measured. Vague or judgemental phrases such as "good" or "as usual" cannot be checked or compared.

答案

D · "Ate half of lunch; drank 200 mL of water."
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst

为什么是这个答案

Restlessness in dementia often has a cause, such as needing the toilet, pain or being cold. Meeting the need is safer than restraint or sedation, which increase the risk of harm.

答案

D · Look for an unmet need such as toileting, pain, hunger or thirst
5.微生物学

答案: B · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间

为什么是这个答案

潜伏期是从接触病原体到症状出现的时间。有时在潜伏期内就已经可以传播感染。

答案

B · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间
6.微生物学

答案: B · Clostridium perfringens

为什么是这个答案

产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)在缺氧伤口中引起气性坏疽。它的毒素破坏肌肉,代谢产生的气体可触及捻发感。需要紧急手术和抗生素治疗。

答案

B · Clostridium perfringens

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