感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Before a blood transfusion is started, which check is required?

  1. AThe patient signs the blood bag label to confirm their name before it is hung
  2. BOne nurse checks the blood product against the order at the nurses’ station
  3. CThe nurse checks only that the bag number matches the order
  4. DThe patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

An 82-year-old patient is prescribed diphenhydramine at bedtime for sleep. Why should the nurse raise this with the prescriber?

  1. AIt is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
  2. BIt is only available as an IV drug and cannot be given by mouth at bedtime
  3. CIt is too weak to help an older person sleep
  4. DIt raises blood pressure in most older adults
3.护理学基础中等

How should a nurse speak to a patient with hearing loss?

  1. ASpeak very fast to keep the message short
  2. BFace the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
  3. CShout loudly from behind the patient so they can hear every word
  4. DCover the mouth to stop background noise
4.护理学基础困难

A toddler is brought in with bruises on both cheeks and the parent's explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend the child home and phone the family next week
  2. BDocument accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure
  3. CIgnore it, as children often bruise themselves
  4. DConfront the parent and ask them directly whether they hurt the child
5.微生物学中等

MRSA 对甲氧西林耐药，是因为它具有：

  1. A能阻挡所有 β-内酰胺类药物进入的多糖荚膜
  2. B改变的青霉素结合蛋白（PBP2a）
  3. C完全没有细胞壁
  4. D针对每种抗生素的外排泵
6.微生物学困难

几个人在吃了前一天做好、在室温下放置的炒饭后几小时内呕吐。典型的病原体是什么？

  1. AListeria monocytogenes
  2. BBacillus cereus
  3. CClostridium botulinum
  4. DSalmonella Typhi

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · The patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside

为什么是这个答案

Wrong-patient transfusion can cause a fatal ABO reaction, so the final check is always done at the bedside, with positive patient identification against the product label, compatibility tag and order. Many US hospitals require two qualified people for this check, while UK guidance allows one trained person if positive identification is used. Local policy decides who checks.

答案

D · The patient’s identity is checked against the blood product and its paperwork at the bedside
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults

为什么是这个答案

First-generation antihistamines such as diphenhydramine are on the Beers list because they cause confusion, constipation, urinary retention and falls in older adults. Safer approaches to sleep should be discussed.

答案

A · It is strongly anticholinergic and can cause confusion and falls in older adults
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace

为什么是这个答案

Facing the patient in good light, reducing background noise and speaking clearly, without shouting, helps understanding. Hearing aids should be in and working.

答案

B · Face the patient and speak clearly at a normal pace
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Document accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure

为什么是这个答案

Injuries that do not match the explanation are a warning sign. The nurse records facts, not opinions, and refers through safeguarding procedures without confronting the family.

答案

B · Document accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure
5.微生物学

答案: B · 改变的青霉素结合蛋白（PBP2a）

为什么是这个答案

mecA 基因编码 PBP2a，它与 β-内酰胺类的亲和力低，因此细菌在甲氧西林存在时仍能继续合成细胞壁。

答案

B · 改变的青霉素结合蛋白（PBP2a）
6.微生物学

答案: B · Bacillus cereus

为什么是这个答案

蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）的芽孢能耐受煮沸。如果熟米饭在温热状态下放置，细菌会生长并产生耐热的呕吐毒素，因此重新加热并不能使米饭变得安全。

答案

B · Bacillus cereus

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety