感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has a non-violent restraint. In most nursing policies, how often at minimum is it released for range of motion, toileting and skin care?
在为中心静脉导管无菌换药时,一名同事越过打开的无菌区把一卷胶带递给护士。护士应怎么做?
Where in the eye should eye drops be placed?
Why must medicines for Parkinson's disease, such as levodopa, be given on time?
母乳中的抗体提供哪种免疫?
哪种细菌毒素引起破伤风的肌肉痉挛?
答案: C · At least every 2 hours
Restrained patients are checked often for circulation, skin and comfort, and the restraint is released at least every 2 hours for movement, toileting, fluids and skin care. Exact intervals follow the facility’s policy.
答案: D · 将该无菌区视为已污染,重新铺设
用非无菌的手臂或物品越过无菌区,即使没有接触也会造成污染。应更换无菌区,非无菌物品应从无菌区旁边传递,而不是从上方越过。无菌状态存疑时,应视为已污染。
答案: A · Into the pocket of the lower eyelid
Drops go into the lower conjunctival sac, which is less sensitive than the cornea. Pressing gently on the inner corner afterwards reduces drainage into the nose.
答案: C · Late doses can cause severe stiffness, falls and swallowing problems
Levodopa wears off quickly, and delays can cause rigidity, falls, swallowing difficulty and aspiration. It is a time-critical medicine in hospital.
答案: B · 天然被动免疫
通过母乳传递的抗体(主要是 IgA)提供自然获得的被动免疫。由于没有形成记忆细胞,这种免疫持续时间短。
答案: A · 破伤风痉挛毒素,阻断抑制性神经递质的释放
破伤风梭菌的破伤风痉挛毒素阻断抑制性中间神经元释放 GABA 和甘氨酸,导致痉挛性瘫痪。肉毒毒素则引起弛缓性瘫痪。
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