感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient with a fever and a cough arrives in a crowded clinic waiting room. What should the nurse do?
A patient receiving chemotherapy has an absolute neutrophil count of 400/mm3 (0.4 × 109/L) and a new temperature of 38.3 °C (100.9 °F). What should the nurse do?
A patient with a leg injury is climbing stairs with crutches. Which leg should go up first?
测量了卧位和立位血压。哪项结果符合直立性低血压的通常定义?
Streptococcus pneumoniae 的主要毒力因子、也是其疫苗的靶点是什么?
一期梅毒的典型表现是:
答案: B · Give the patient a mask and seat them apart from others
Offering a mask to people with respiratory symptoms and separating them from others reduces the spread of droplets. Tissues, hand hygiene products and waste bins are also provided.
答案: A · Report it at once, because fever with severe neutropenia is an emergency
Febrile neutropenia can progress to sepsis quickly. The nurse reports it immediately so cultures can be taken and antibiotics started without delay.
答案: D · The unaffected leg
Going up, the strong leg steps first and lifts the body, followed by the crutches and the injured leg. Going down, the crutches and injured leg go first.
答案: B · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
直立性低血压通常定义为站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降至少 20 mmHg 或舒张压下降至少 10 mmHg。它是跌倒评估中的重要发现。
答案: C · 它的多糖荚膜
荚膜保护 S. pneumoniae 免受吞噬。荚膜型有很多种,肺炎球菌疫苗含有最常见型别的荚膜多糖。
答案: A · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡(硬下疳)
梅毒螺旋体(Treponema pallidum)在一期引起无痛性硬下疳。二期出现皮疹和全身症状,三期梅毒可损害心脏和神经系统。疼痛性水疱提示疱疹。
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