感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
在准备无菌区时,护士转身离开去回答问题。下列哪项正确?
Ten minutes into a red blood cell transfusion, the patient reports chills and low back pain and has a new fever. What should the nurse do first?
If hair needs to be removed before surgery, what is recommended?
A stable patient is woken every hour for observations and is becoming tired and confused. What is the best nursing action?
哪种感染是使用广谱抗生素的典型并发症,会引起严重腹泻?
一名儿童吃了未煮熟的汉堡后出现血性腹泻,一周后出现肾衰竭、贫血和血小板减少。最可能的病原体是什么?
答案: C · 该无菌区视为已污染,必须重新铺设
无菌区必须始终处于视线范围内。如果无法确认无菌状态,就应视为已污染。原则是:有疑问时,视为非无菌。
答案: A · Stop the transfusion
These signs suggest an acute transfusion reaction, possibly hemolytic. The nurse stops the transfusion at once, keeps the IV open with normal saline through new tubing, assesses the patient and notifies the provider and blood bank.
答案: B · Electric clippers on the day of surgery
Razors cause small skin cuts that increase surgical site infection. If needed, hair is removed with electric clippers close to the time of surgery.
答案: B · Ask the team whether the observations can safely be done less often
Lack of sleep can contribute to delirium. If the patient's scores are stable, the frequency of observations can be reviewed by the team so care is safe but less disruptive.
答案: D · 艰难梭菌(Clostridioides difficile)感染
抗生素杀死正常肠道细菌,使产毒素的艰难梭菌过度生长。其芽孢不能被酒精凝胶杀灭,因此需要用肥皂和水洗手。
答案: D · 产志贺毒素的大肠埃希菌,如 O157:H7
产志贺毒素的 E. coli 损伤肠道和肾脏的小血管,引起溶血尿毒综合征。牛是储存宿主,因此未煮熟的牛肉馅是典型的感染来源。
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