感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

How are neuromuscular blocking drugs, such as vecuronium, safely stored?

  1. ASeparate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
  2. BNext to common IV antibiotics so they are easy to find
  3. CMixed in the same bin as other high-use drugs
  4. DIn the general stock cupboard with the other IV drugs and no special labels
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

Which patient with a suspected infection meets the qSOFA criteria that signal a higher risk of a poor outcome?

  1. ARespiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
  2. BRespiratory rate 16/min, alert, systolic BP 105 mmHg, WBC 13,000/mm3
  3. CRespiratory rate 20/min, alert, systolic BP 110 mmHg, heart rate 110/min
  4. DRespiratory rate 18/min, alert, systolic BP 130 mmHg, temperature 38.5 °C
3.护理学基础中等

Why is high-flow oxygen often humidified?

  1. ATo add medicine to the oxygen
  2. BTo cool the patient's temperature
  3. CTo make the oxygen more concentrated before it reaches the lungs
  4. DTo stop the airways and secretions from drying out
4.护理学基础困难

An older patient with diarrhoea for three days is dizzy on standing and passing small amounts of dark urine. What is the most likely problem?

  1. AFluid overload from drinking too much
  2. BNormal ageing that needs no action
  3. CDehydration from fluid loss
  4. DUrinary retention caused by a full bladder
5.微生物学中等

由病毒把细菌基因从一个细菌转移到另一个细菌称为：

  1. A转导
  2. B转录
  3. C转化
  4. D接合
6.微生物学困难

大多数外毒素与内毒素的区别特征是什么？

  1. A外毒素是耐热的脂类
  2. B外毒素只在细菌死亡时释放
  3. C外毒素是革兰氏阴性菌外膜的脂多糖
  4. D外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis

为什么是这个答案

Neuromuscular blockers stop breathing. They are stored apart from other drugs, often in sealed or colored containers with warnings such as “Paralyzing agent: causes respiratory arrest”.

答案

A · Separate from other drugs, with a warning that they cause paralysis
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg

为什么是这个答案

qSOFA scores one point each for a respiratory rate of 22/min or more, altered mental status and a systolic BP of 100 mmHg or less. Two or more points mean higher risk, so the first patient needs urgent escalation.

答案

A · Respiratory rate 24/min, new confusion, systolic BP 95 mmHg
3.护理学基础

答案: D · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out

为什么是这个答案

Dry gas at high flow dries the mucous membranes and thickens secretions. Humidification keeps the airways moist and secretions easier to clear.

答案

D · To stop the airways and secretions from drying out
4.护理学基础

答案: C · Dehydration from fluid loss

为什么是这个答案

Diarrhoea causes loss of water and electrolytes. Postural dizziness and concentrated low-volume urine show dehydration, which needs fluid replacement, electrolyte checks and close monitoring.

答案

C · Dehydration from fluid loss
5.微生物学

答案: A · 转导

为什么是这个答案

在转导中，噬菌体意外地包装了细菌 DNA，并将其递送给它感染的下一个细胞。转化是摄取游离 DNA，接合则依靠直接接触。

答案

A · 转导
6.微生物学

答案: D · 外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗

为什么是这个答案

外毒素是分泌的蛋白质，作用具有特异性，且往往毒性极强；许多外毒素可以灭活成类毒素。内毒素是脂多糖，更耐热，不能制成类毒素。

答案

D · 外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety