感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient with a respiratory infection has a raised procalcitonin level. What does this most suggest?

  1. AA purely viral illness
  2. BAn allergic reaction to a recent medication
  3. CDehydration from poor intake
  4. DA bacterial rather than a viral infection
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient with pneumonia has low blood pressure and a raised serum lactate. What does the raised lactate suggest?

  1. ARecovery from the infection is beginning
  2. BPoor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
  3. CA normal response to having a fever
  4. DMild dehydration from poor intake, with no further concern
3.护理学基础中等

A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?

  1. AFrom the size of the patient's shoes
  2. BFrom the length of the bed
  3. CBy asking a visitor to guess
  4. DFrom the length of the forearm (ulna)
4.护理学基础困难

An infusion pump alarms "occlusion". What should the nurse check first?

  1. AThe clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
  2. BThe patient's blood glucose level
  3. CThe battery level of the pump
  4. DThe fluid prescription chart and the infusion rate written on it
5.微生物学中等

什么是潜伏期？

  1. A抗生素起效所需的时间
  2. B从感染到出现最初症状的时间
  3. C实验室培养所需的时间
  4. D患者对他人保持传染性的时间
6.微生物学困难

细菌把药物泵出细胞时，使用的是哪种耐药机制？

  1. A靶点改变
  2. B外排泵
  3. C仅通过孔蛋白减少摄入
  4. D酶灭活

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection

为什么是这个答案

Procalcitonin rises mainly in bacterial infections and much less in viral ones. It is used with clinical judgement to help decide when antibiotics are needed or can be stopped.

答案

D · A bacterial rather than a viral infection
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock

为什么是这个答案

When tissues are poorly perfused, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism and lactate rises. In a patient with infection and hypotension, this points to septic shock and needs urgent treatment.

答案

B · Poor tissue perfusion, a sign of sepsis-related shock
3.护理学基础

答案: D · From the length of the forearm (ulna)

为什么是这个答案

MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.

答案

D · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
4.护理学基础

答案: A · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site

为什么是这个答案

An occlusion alarm means the flow is blocked, for example by a closed clamp, kinked tubing, a bent arm or a blocked cannula. The nurse checks from the bag to the patient.

答案

A · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
5.微生物学

答案: B · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间

为什么是这个答案

潜伏期是从接触病原体到症状出现的时间。有时在潜伏期内就已经可以传播感染。

答案

B · 从感染到出现最初症状的时间
6.微生物学

答案: B · 外排泵

为什么是这个答案

外排泵主动把四环素类和氟喹诺酮类等抗生素排出，使细胞内浓度过低而无法起效。

答案

B · 外排泵

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