感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
戴无菌手套时,护士应如何戴上第二只手套?
A patient has a rash, and both smallpox and chickenpox are considered. Which finding suggests smallpox?
While being helped to eat, a patient with dysphagia coughs and their voice sounds wet and gurgly. What should the nurse do?
A patient has a temperature of 38.7 °C and a white cell count of 18 × 10⁹/L (18,000/mm³). What do these findings most suggest?
许多抗真菌药物以麦角固醇为靶点。为什么这样有效?
大多数外毒素与内毒素的区别特征是什么?
答案: B · 将已戴手套的手指插入第二只手套的袖口下面并拉上
第一只手套只能用裸手接触其袖口的内面。已戴手套的手随后只接触第二只手套的外面,即翻折袖口的下方。手套内面一旦接触皮肤就不再无菌。
答案: B · Lesions all at the same stage, most dense on the face and limbs
In smallpox, lesions develop at the same stage in any one area and are densest on the face and extremities. In chickenpox, crops appear at different stages and are densest on the trunk.
答案: B · Stop feeding and report for a swallowing assessment
Coughing, choking and a wet voice during meals suggest food or drink is entering the airway. Feeding stops, the patient sits upright and a speech and language therapist assesses them.
答案: A · An infection or significant inflammation
A raised white cell count with fever usually means the body is fighting an infection or major inflammation. The nurse reports it and looks for the source, including sepsis.
答案: B · 麦角固醇存在于真菌细胞膜中,而人体细胞中没有
真菌细胞膜含有麦角固醇,而人体细胞膜含有胆固醇。唑类阻断麦角固醇的合成,两性霉素与麦角固醇结合,因此它们能选择性地作用于真菌。
答案: B · 外毒素是蛋白质,可以制成类毒素疫苗
外毒素是分泌的蛋白质,作用具有特异性,且往往毒性极强;许多外毒素可以灭活成类毒素。内毒素是脂多糖,更耐热,不能制成类毒素。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety