感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient cannot bear weight and cannot help with transfers. Which method is safest to move the patient from bed to chair?
A patient’s allergy band says “penicillin”, and an order has been written for amoxicillin. What should the nurse do?
An older patient is found to be mildly hypothermic. Which care is most appropriate?
哪项表现提示正在发生 1 期压力性损伤?
ELISA 检测的是什么?
一名移植后服用大剂量免疫抑制药物的患者需要接种疫苗。一般应避免哪类疫苗?
答案: D · A mechanical lift used by enough trained staff
For a patient who cannot bear weight or help, a mechanical lift prevents injury to both patient and staff. Lifting under the arms can injure the shoulders, and pivot transfers need weight bearing.
答案: D · Hold the drug and contact the prescriber
Amoxicillin is a penicillin, so it could cause a serious allergic reaction. The nurse holds the drug, clarifies the allergy and contacts the prescriber for a safe alternative.
答案: D · Gradual rewarming with blankets and warm surroundings
Gradual passive rewarming with blankets, a warm room and warm drinks if they can swallow is safe for mild hypothermia. Direct heat can burn and rapid rewarming can be dangerous.
答案: B · 骨突部位皮肤完整,出现指压不褪色的红斑
1 期为皮肤完整、指压不褪色的红斑。2 期为部分皮层缺损,如水疱;3 期和 4 期更深。
答案: A · 利用能引起颜色变化的酶检测特异性抗原或抗体
在酶联免疫吸附试验中,与酶相连的抗体结合目标物。加入底物后会产生颜色,从而显示抗原或抗体是否存在。
答案: D · 减毒活疫苗
活疫苗含有减毒的生物体,在免疫系统受到严重抑制时可能致病。灭活疫苗、类毒素疫苗和亚单位疫苗是安全的,尽管反应可能较弱。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety