感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做？

  1. A暂停并查明原因后再给药
  2. B扫描另一位患者的腕带
  3. C先给药，本班稍后再报告该警告
  4. D忽略警告并给药
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient asks for a pain tablet. The record shows none has been given, but the patient says, “The other nurse gave me one earlier.” What should the nurse do?

  1. ACheck with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
  2. BGive the tablet, because the record shows none was given
  3. CGive half a tablet now, to be safe, and the other half later if needed
  4. DTell the patient they must be confused
3.护理学基础中等

Why should a patient wash and dry their hands before a fingerprick glucose test?

  1. AWet hands give a falsely high reading
  2. BIt is only needed if the hands look dirty
  3. CSugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
  4. DClean hands make the finger bleed more slowly
4.护理学基础困难

A colleague asks the nurse to countersign the controlled drug register for a dose the nurse did not see being prepared or given. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASign, but only if the colleague is senior
  2. BSign it later, at the end of the shift, once the colleague explains
  3. CSign, as the colleague is trustworthy
  4. DRefuse, as they can only sign for what they have witnessed
5.微生物学中等

由病毒把细菌基因从一个细菌转移到另一个细菌称为：

  1. A转化
  2. B转录
  3. C接合
  4. D转导
6.微生物学困难

大多数外毒素与内毒素的区别特征是什么？

  1. A外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗
  2. B外毒素是革兰氏阴性菌外膜的脂多糖
  3. C外毒素只在细菌死亡时释放
  4. D外毒素是耐热的脂类

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 暂停并查明原因后再给药

为什么是这个答案

条码警告的作用是发现患者错误、药物错误和剂量错误。护士应暂停，核对医嘱和药品，并联系药房或开医嘱者。出于习惯而忽略警告会导致差错。

答案

A · 暂停并查明原因后再给药
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose

为什么是这个答案

Undocumented doses can lead to double dosing. The nurse checks with colleagues and the dispensing records, then gives the drug only once it is clear whether a dose was given.

答案

A · Check with the other nurse and the records before giving another dose
3.护理学基础

答案: C · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading

为什么是这个答案

Traces of food or drink on the finger can raise the reading. Washing with water and drying fully gives an accurate result; alcohol wipes can also affect some meters.

答案

C · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
4.护理学基础

答案: D · Refuse, as they can only sign for what they have witnessed

为什么是这个答案

Countersigning means confirming that you witnessed the check and administration. Signing for something you did not see is dishonest and removes an important safety check.

答案

D · Refuse, as they can only sign for what they have witnessed
5.微生物学

答案: D · 转导

为什么是这个答案

在转导中，噬菌体意外地包装了细菌 DNA，并将其递送给它感染的下一个细胞。转化是摄取游离 DNA，接合则依靠直接接触。

答案

D · 转导
6.微生物学

答案: A · 外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗

为什么是这个答案

外毒素是分泌的蛋白质，作用具有特异性，且往往毒性极强；许多外毒素可以灭活成类毒素。内毒素是脂多糖，更耐热，不能制成类毒素。

答案

A · 外毒素是蛋白质，可以制成类毒素疫苗

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