感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪位护士不应被分配护理带有密封放射性植入物的患者?
A patient rescued from a house fire has a headache and confusion, but the pulse oximeter reads 99%. Why might this reading be misleading?
Why might a nurse use silence during a conversation with a patient?
Why are a patient's observations checked about 15 minutes after a blood transfusion starts?
下列哪一项是补体系统的功能?
一份尿液标本在麦康凯琼脂上长出了粉红色菌落。这说明了什么?
答案: D · 怀孕的护士
怀孕的工作人员和访客不应被安排接触带放射性植入物的患者。其他工作人员应限制与患者相处的时间、保持距离、使用屏蔽并佩戴剂量计。
答案: A · Pulse oximetry cannot tell carbon monoxide-bound hemoglobin from oxygen-bound hemoglobin
Standard pulse oximeters read carboxyhemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, so SpO2 can look normal in carbon monoxide poisoning. A blood carboxyhemoglobin level confirms it, and high-flow oxygen is given.
答案: B · It gives the patient time to think and say more
Therapeutic silence gives the patient space to gather their thoughts and express feelings, especially about difficult topics. It is used with attentive body language.
答案: A · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
答案: C · 在某些细菌的细胞膜上形成孔道
补体蛋白包被微生物以利于吞噬(调理作用),吸引免疫细胞,并形成在某些细菌上打孔的膜攻击复合物。
答案: B · 该生物可能是能发酵乳糖的革兰氏阴性杆菌
麦康凯琼脂含有抑制革兰氏阳性菌的胆盐和结晶紫(选择性),以及乳糖和 pH 指示剂(鉴别性)。E. coli 等乳糖发酵菌产酸而呈粉红色。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety