感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When should blood specimen tubes be labeled?
A patient in a vest restraint has slid down in bed, and the vest is pressing against the neck. What should the nurse do first?
A dying patient has noisy, rattling breathing that is upsetting the family. Which nursing action helps?
在年轻成人的早期低血容量性休克中,哪项体征通常在血压下降之前出现?
为什么建议孕妇避免食用未经巴氏消毒的软奶酪?
为什么流感病毒这样的负链 RNA 病毒必须把自己的 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶带入宿主细胞?
答案: B · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.
答案: A · Release the restraint at once and reposition the patient
Patients have died from strangulation when vest restraints moved up to the neck. The nurse frees the patient immediately, checks breathing and repositions them, then reassesses whether the restraint is needed at all.
答案: D · Reposition the patient and explain the cause to the family
Noisy "death rattle" breathing comes from secretions in the throat and is not usually distressing to the patient. Repositioning, explanation and sometimes medicines help; deep suction is usually avoided.
答案: D · 心率加快伴肢端发凉
心动过速和血管收缩的代偿起初能维持正常血压,因此低血压是晚期征象。心动过速、皮肤发凉和毛细血管再充盈缓慢就应促使采取行动。
答案: B · 其中可能含有李斯特菌,会危害胎儿
单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)能在冷藏食品中生长并穿过胎盘,可导致流产、死产或严重的新生儿感染。
答案: C · 宿主细胞不能以 RNA 为模板合成 mRNA
负链基因组必须先被复制成正链 mRNA。人体细胞没有以 RNA 为模板复制 RNA 的酶,所以病毒自带聚合酶。
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