感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which type of white blood cell is most often raised in viral infections?

  1. AEosinophils
  2. BNeutrophils
  3. CBasophils
  4. DLymphocytes
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A toddler has bruises of different ages and a burn, and the parent’s explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?

  1. AWait until there is clear proof of abuse before reporting anything at all
  2. BReport the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
  3. CDocument only and say nothing to anyone
  4. DConfront the parent and ask them to admit to abuse
3.护理学基础中等

A patient can wash their face and arms but cannot reach their back and feet. What is the best approach?

  1. ALet the patient do what they can and help with the rest
  2. BAsk the patient to wait until a relative visits
  3. CLeave the back and feet unwashed
  4. DWash the patient completely yourself to save time and effort
4.护理学基础困难

A patient with capacity tells the nurse they do not want the operation their family keeps pushing for. What is the nurse's best action?

  1. ALet the family decide, as they know the patient best
  2. BSupport the patient to tell the team their wishes
  3. CTell the patient to follow the family's advice
  4. DSay nothing to avoid a conflict with the family
5.微生物学中等

在细菌生长曲线的哪个阶段，细胞以最快的恒定速率分裂？

  1. A迟缓期（适应期）
  2. B稳定期（平台期）
  3. C衰亡期
  4. D对数（指数）期
6.微生物学困难

HIV 等逆转录病毒如何把自己的基因组复制到宿主 DNA 中？

  1. A核糖体把病毒 RNA 翻译成 DNA
  2. B宿主 RNA 聚合酶直接复制病毒 DNA
  3. C宿主 DNA 聚合酶在没有帮助的情况下复制 RNA
  4. D逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Lymphocytes

为什么是这个答案

Lymphocytes increase in many viral infections. Neutrophils rise mainly with bacterial infections, and eosinophils with allergies and parasites.

答案

D · Lymphocytes
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures

为什么是这个答案

Injuries that do not match the history must be reported, and proof is not needed. In the US, nurses are legally mandated reporters; in the UK and many other countries, safeguarding procedures require the concern to be referred to the designated lead or children’s social care. The child’s safety is ensured and the findings are documented factually.

答案

B · Report the concern following child-protection (safeguarding) procedures
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Let the patient do what they can and help with the rest

为什么是这个答案

Encouraging patients to do what they can maintains independence, dignity and function. The nurse helps with the parts they cannot manage.

答案

A · Let the patient do what they can and help with the rest
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes

为什么是这个答案

As an advocate the nurse makes sure the patient's own wishes are heard. A competent adult decides about their treatment, and the family's views do not override this.

答案

B · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes
5.微生物学

答案: D · 对数（指数）期

为什么是这个答案

经过适应性的迟缓期后，细胞进入对数期并呈指数生长。在稳定期，由于营养耗尽、废物积累，生长停止。

答案

D · 对数（指数）期
6.微生物学

答案: D · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入

为什么是这个答案

逆转录酶把 RNA 基因组转变为 DNA，整合酶再把它作为前病毒插入宿主基因组。这两种酶都是药物靶点。

答案

D · 逆转录酶以病毒 RNA 为模板合成 DNA，整合酶将其插入

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