感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?

  1. AAsk a colleague to hold the paddles in place
  2. BHold the patient’s hand to keep them still
  3. CCall “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
  4. DKeep the oxygen mask on the patient’s face, held against the chest
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?

  1. AThere is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
  2. BHepatitis C immune globulin is given within 24 hours, followed by a booster dose
  3. CNo follow-up is needed because hepatitis C does not spread by needles
  4. DThe hepatitis C vaccine series is started at once, with a booster dose six months later
3.护理学基础中等

Which of these is one of the five rights of delegation?

  1. AThe right salary
  2. BThe right time of year
  3. CThe right supervision
  4. DThe right uniform
4.护理学基础困难

一名患者 24 小时入量为 2400 mL,测得的总出量为 1800 mL。液体平衡是多少?

  1. A正平衡 600 mL
  2. B正平衡 4200 mL
  3. C负平衡 600 mL
  4. D平衡,因为两个数值都很高
5.微生物学中等

在诊断实验室中,PCR 的作用是什么?

  1. A大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
  2. B使细菌在琼脂平板上生长得更快
  3. C给细菌染色以便观察
  4. D它测量患者血清样本中特定抗体的水平
6.微生物学困难

一名移植后服用大剂量免疫抑制药物的患者需要接种疫苗。一般应避免哪类疫苗?

  1. A减毒活疫苗
  2. B灭活全病毒疫苗
  3. C类毒素疫苗
  4. D亚单位疫苗

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed

为什么是这个答案

Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.

答案

C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early

为什么是这个答案

There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.

答案

A · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
3.护理学基础

答案: C · The right supervision

为什么是这个答案

The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.

答案

C · The right supervision
4.护理学基础

答案: A · 正平衡 600 mL

为什么是这个答案

2400 − 1800 = +600 mL,为正平衡。出汗和呼吸等不显性失水没有被测量,因此实际平衡低于记录单所显示的数值。

答案

A · 正平衡 600 mL
5.微生物学

答案: A · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测

为什么是这个答案

聚合酶链反应能把目标序列扩增数百万倍,可以检测难以培养的病原体;RNA 病毒需先转化为 DNA(RT-PCR)。

答案

A · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
6.微生物学

答案: A · 减毒活疫苗

为什么是这个答案

活疫苗含有减毒的生物体,在免疫系统受到严重抑制时可能致病。灭活疫苗、类毒素疫苗和亚单位疫苗是安全的,尽管反应可能较弱。

答案

A · 减毒活疫苗

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