感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Before a defibrillator shock is delivered, what must the person operating it do?
A nurse has a needlestick from a patient known to have hepatitis C. Which statement about management is correct?
Which of these is one of the five rights of delegation?
一名患者 24 小时入量为 2400 mL,测得的总出量为 1800 mL。液体平衡是多少?
在诊断实验室中,PCR 的作用是什么?
一名移植后服用大剂量免疫抑制药物的患者需要接种疫苗。一般应避免哪类疫苗?
答案: C · Call “all clear” and check that nobody is touching the patient or bed
Anyone touching the patient or bed could receive the shock. The operator announces “clear” and looks to confirm that nobody is in contact, and oxygen is moved away from the chest.
答案: A · There is no preventive drug, so baseline and follow-up testing are done to detect infection early
There is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis C. The exposure is reported, baseline tests are taken and follow-up testing identifies infection early, because effective treatment is available.
答案: C · The right supervision
The five rights of delegation are the right task, circumstance, person, direction or communication, and supervision or evaluation. The registered nurse stays accountable for the decision to delegate.
答案: A · 正平衡 600 mL
2400 − 1800 = +600 mL,为正平衡。出汗和呼吸等不显性失水没有被测量,因此实际平衡低于记录单所显示的数值。
答案: A · 大量复制特定的 DNA 序列以便检测
聚合酶链反应能把目标序列扩增数百万倍,可以检测难以培养的病原体;RNA 病毒需先转化为 DNA(RT-PCR)。
答案: A · 减毒活疫苗
活疫苗含有减毒的生物体,在免疫系统受到严重抑制时可能致病。灭活疫苗、类毒素疫苗和亚单位疫苗是安全的,尽管反应可能较弱。
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