感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A cup of water is spilled over an infusion pump plugged into the wall. What should the nurse do?

  1. ALeave it running and place a towel over it until it dries
  2. BWipe it dry quickly with a towel and keep using it for the infusion
  3. CTurn the pump upside down to drain it while running
  4. DSwitch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A visitor becomes very agitated and starts shouting at the nurse in a patient’s room. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ARaise the voice to show who is in charge
  2. BTurn away from the visitor and continue with the patient’s care as normal
  3. CKeep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
  4. DTouch the visitor’s arm to help them calm down
3.护理学基础中等

A patient with a leg injury is climbing stairs with crutches. Which leg should go up first?

  1. ABoth legs together
  2. BThe unaffected leg
  3. CThe injured leg
  4. DThe crutches always go first
4.护理学基础困难

一名患者出现急性腹泻,疑似 Clostridioides difficile(艰难梭菌)感染。哪组措施是正确的?

  1. A只戴呼吸防护口罩,不戴手套
  2. B在任何防护之前先等待化验结果
  3. C隔离患者,使用手套和围裙,用肥皂和水洗手
  4. D只用含酒精的手消毒剂,让患者留在拉上床帘的多人病房里
5.微生物学中等

胃溃疡最常见的病因是哪种细菌?

  1. AEscherichia coli
  2. BStaphylococcus aureus
  3. CClostridioides difficile
  4. DHelicobacter pylori
6.微生物学困难

抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)是:

  1. A开始出现副作用时的血浆浓度
  2. B在体外杀死 99.9% 细菌接种物的最低浓度
  3. C患者能耐受的最高剂量
  4. D在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse

为什么是这个答案

Liquid on electrical equipment can cause shock or failure. The device is turned off and unplugged without touching wet parts, the patient’s infusion is managed with another device, and the pump is checked by the biomedical team.

答案

D · Switch it off and unplug it safely, then have it checked before reuse
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed

为什么是这个答案

In a potentially violent situation, the nurse keeps a safe distance and a clear path to the door, uses calm, simple words and gets help early. Touching or arguing with an agitated person can make things worse.

答案

C · Keep a safe distance and a clear exit, speak calmly and call security if needed
3.护理学基础

答案: B · The unaffected leg

为什么是这个答案

Going up, the strong leg steps first and lifts the body, followed by the crutches and the injured leg. Going down, the crutches and injured leg go first.

答案

B · The unaffected leg
4.护理学基础

答案: C · 隔离患者,使用手套和围裙,用肥皂和水洗手

为什么是这个答案

疑似艰难梭菌感染需要及时隔离并采取接触防护。芽孢不能被酒精杀灭,因此要用肥皂和水洗手,并用含氯等杀芽孢剂清洁环境。

答案

C · 隔离患者,使用手套和围裙,用肥皂和水洗手
5.微生物学

答案: D · Helicobacter pylori

为什么是这个答案

幽门螺杆菌定植于胃黏膜,产生脲酶在局部中和胃酸。它导致大多数消化性溃疡,治疗采用抗生素加质子泵抑制剂。

答案

D · Helicobacter pylori
6.微生物学

答案: D · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

为什么是这个答案

MIC 是抑制可见生长的最低浓度。最低杀菌浓度(MBC)是杀死 99.9% 细菌的最低浓度。

答案

D · 在体外阻止可见细菌生长的最低浓度

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