感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”，即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why are blood cultures usually taken from two separate venipuncture sites?

  1. ATo help tell a true infection from skin contamination
  2. BBecause each site tests a different antibiotic
  3. CTo make the results come back faster from the laboratory
  4. DTo reduce the total amount of blood taken
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient takes medicines prescribed by several providers. Which advice best reduces the risk of medication errors at home?

  1. AOnly tell each provider about the drugs they prescribed
  2. BStop taking any medicine that seems to repeat another one, without asking anyone
  3. CKeep each provider’s medicines in separate bags
  4. DKeep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
3.护理学基础中等

How should the heels of a bedbound patient at high risk be protected?

  1. ALift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
  2. BWrap them tightly in bandages
  3. CRest them on a rolled towel placed directly under each heel
  4. DRub them with cream several times a day
4.护理学基础困难

Why should only the patient press the button of a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump?

  1. AA drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
  2. BThe pump only works with the patient's fingerprint
  3. CVisitors might damage the pump or change its settings if they touch it
  4. DNurses are not allowed to give opioids
5.微生物学中等

下列哪一项是科赫法则之一？

  1. A该疾病必须对抗生素有反应
  2. B该生物也必须能在健康人体内找到
  3. C该生物必须肉眼可见
  4. D将该生物接种到健康易感宿主体内时，必须引起相同的疾病
6.微生物学困难

R0（基本再生数）为 3 是什么意思？

  1. A需要接种三剂疫苗
  2. B在完全易感人群中，平均一个病例会传染另外三个人
  3. C感染持续三天
  4. D百分之三的感染者死亡

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · To help tell a true infection from skin contamination

为什么是这个答案

If the same organism grows from both sets, it is more likely to be a true bloodstream infection. Growth in only one set may be contamination from the skin.

答案

A · To help tell a true infection from skin contamination
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible

为什么是这个答案

A single complete medication list and one pharmacy allow interactions and duplicates to be detected. The list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, is shown at every visit.

答案

D · Keep one up-to-date list of all medicines and use one pharmacy where possible
3.护理学基础

答案: A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves

为什么是这个答案

Heels have little padding and develop ulcers quickly. "Floating" them, with the support under the calves and the knee slightly bent, removes pressure from the heel.

答案

A · Lift them off the mattress with a pillow under the calves
4.护理学基础

答案: A · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose

为什么是这个答案

If the patient becomes too sleepy they cannot press the button, so no more opioid is given. When others press it this safety is lost and respiratory depression can follow.

答案

A · A drowsy patient stops pressing, which helps prevent overdose
5.微生物学

答案: D · 将该生物接种到健康易感宿主体内时，必须引起相同的疾病

为什么是这个答案

科赫法则指出，该微生物必须在每个病例中都能找到，能进行纯培养，能在健康宿主中引起该病，并能从该宿主体内再次分离出来。有些病原体无法培养，因此这些法则有其局限性。

答案

D · 将该生物接种到健康易感宿主体内时，必须引起相同的疾病
6.微生物学

答案: B · 在完全易感人群中，平均一个病例会传染另外三个人

为什么是这个答案

R0 是在所有人都易感时，一个病例平均引起的继发病例数。群体免疫大约需要 1 − 1/R0 的人群免疫：R0 = 3 时约为 67%。

答案

B · 在完全易感人群中，平均一个病例会传染另外三个人

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/infection-control-and-patient-safety