感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A colleague has drawn up a medication and asks the nurse to give it to her patient. What should the nurse do?
一名护士给错了患者药物。患者看起来状况良好。首要任务是什么?
Which of these is part of the UK "Sepsis Six"?
A patient opens their eyes only to pain, makes incomprehensible sounds and withdraws from a painful stimulus. What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score?
什么是内毒素?
一名儿童吃了未煮熟的汉堡后出现血性腹泻,一周后出现肾衰竭、贫血和血小板减少。最可能的病原体是什么?
答案: C · Decline, and give only medications that the nurse prepared or checked personally
Nurses give only medicines they prepared themselves or verified fully, because they are accountable for what they give. A drug prepared by someone else may be wrong in ways the nurse cannot see.
答案: B · 评估患者并监测药物的影响
首要任务是患者安全:评估、监测并通知开医嘱者,由其决定是否治疗。随后通过医院的系统上报差错,并按规定告知患者。
答案: B · Measuring urine output
The Sepsis Six are: give oxygen if needed, take blood cultures, give IV antibiotics, give IV fluids, check lactate and monitor urine output, ideally within the first hour.
答案: B · 8
Eyes to pain score 2, incomprehensible sounds score 2 and withdrawal from pain scores 4, giving 8. A GCS of 8 or less suggests the patient may not be able to protect their airway.
答案: D · 革兰氏阴性菌外膜中的脂多糖
内毒素是脂多糖中的类脂 A。它引发伴有发热的强烈免疫反应,大量时可导致感染性休克。
答案: A · 产志贺毒素的大肠埃希菌,如 O157:H7
产志贺毒素的 E. coli 损伤肠道和肾脏的小血管,引起溶血尿毒综合征。牛是储存宿主,因此未煮熟的牛肉馅是典型的感染来源。
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