感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

A woman who is pregnant asks for the MMR vaccine because she is not immune to rubella. What is correct?

  1. AMMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
  2. BMMR is only given to pregnant women who work in hospitals
  3. CMMR should be given as soon as possible in the first trimester to protect the baby
  4. DMMR is safe at any stage of pregnancy
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient who speaks little English is being discharged with new medications. The patient’s 12-year-old child offers to interpret. What should the nurse do?

  1. AUse a professional medical interpreter
  2. BGive written instructions in English only
  3. CLet the child interpret, because the family prefers it
  4. DUse simple English and many hand gestures
3.护理学基础中等

如何测量毛细血管再充盈时间？

  1. A用光照射眼睛并观察瞳孔
  2. B在腕部计数脉搏 15 秒
  3. C按压皮肤约 5 秒，松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
  4. D在心电监护仪上测量两次心跳之间的时间，并与桡动脉脉搏比较
4.护理学基础困难

Why should a near miss be reported even though no harm occurred?

  1. ASo the nurse involved can be identified and disciplined
  2. BBecause insurance companies require a report for every shift worked
  3. CIt does not need reporting if no one was harmed
  4. DIt helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
5.微生物学中等

在急性细菌感染中，哪种白细胞是主要的吞噬细胞，也是脓液的主要成分？

  1. A中性粒细胞
  2. BB 淋巴细胞
  3. C嗜碱性粒细胞
  4. D嗜酸性粒细胞
6.微生物学困难

一期梅毒的典型表现是：

  1. A生殖器或口腔上一簇疼痛的小水疱
  2. B心脏和大脑受损
  3. C手掌和足底的广泛皮疹
  4. D感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery

为什么是这个答案

Live vaccines such as MMR and varicella are not given during pregnancy. A non-immune woman is vaccinated after delivery, and pregnancy is avoided for a period after vaccination.

答案

A · MMR is a live vaccine and is not given during pregnancy, but can be given after delivery
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Use a professional medical interpreter

为什么是这个答案

Professional medical interpreters reduce errors and protect privacy. Children and other family members may translate wrongly, leave things out or be placed in a difficult position.

答案

A · Use a professional medical interpreter
3.护理学基础

答案: C · 按压皮肤约 5 秒，松开后计时看颜色多久恢复

为什么是这个答案

按压指尖或胸骨，松开后数秒数直到颜色恢复。时间延长提示外周灌注不良，例如休克或脱水时。

答案

C · 按压皮肤约 5 秒，松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
4.护理学基础

答案: D · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed

为什么是这个答案

Near misses show weaknesses in systems, such as confusing packaging or poor checks. Reporting them in a no-blame culture lets the organisation learn and prevent future harm.

答案

D · It helps find and fix system problems before someone is harmed
5.微生物学

答案: A · 中性粒细胞

为什么是这个答案

中性粒细胞迅速到达感染部位并吞噬细菌。死亡的中性粒细胞、细菌和组织碎片形成脓液。

答案

A · 中性粒细胞
6.微生物学

答案: D · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）

为什么是这个答案

梅毒螺旋体（Treponema pallidum）在一期引起无痛性硬下疳。二期出现皮疹和全身症状，三期梅毒可损害心脏和神经系统。疼痛性水疱提示疱疹。

答案

D · 感染部位的无痛性溃疡（硬下疳）

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