感染控制与患者安全：速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始：手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施：接触传播（隔离衣、手套）、飞沫传播（外科口罩）、空气传播（N95、负压病房）。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态：如有疑问就视为不无菌；更换，绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害：防跌倒措施，约束仅作为最后手段，火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息，以及对高警示药物的额外保障；报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why are some patients screened with a nasal swab for MRSA on admission?

  1. ATo diagnose a sinus infection
  2. BTo measure the patient’s immunity to MRSA
  3. CTo check whether the patient is allergic to penicillin before surgery
  4. DTo find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches a patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis who is going home on treatment. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will cover my mouth with a tissue when I cough.”
  2. B“I will come back for sputum tests as planned.”
  3. C“I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
  4. D“I will need to take my medicines for several months.”
3.护理学基础中等

In the UK SSKIN care bundle for pressure ulcer prevention, what does "K" stand for?

  1. AKeep warm
  2. BKeep moving
  3. CKeep clean
  4. DKeep dry
4.护理学基础困难

A potassium result is unexpectedly high and the lab reports that the sample was haemolysed. What does this mean?

  1. AThe result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
  2. BThe patient definitely has dangerous hyperkalaemia needing treatment
  3. CThe patient definitely has low potassium
  4. DThe result is accurate and needs no follow-up
5.微生物学中等

引起唇疱疹和水痘的病毒属于哪个病毒科？

  1. A小 RNA 病毒
  2. B冠状病毒
  3. C逆转录病毒
  4. D疱疹病毒
6.微生物学困难

Corynebacterium diphtheriae 只有在产生白喉毒素时才会引起白喉。它在什么情况下产生这种毒素？

  1. A每当它接触抗生素时
  2. B当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时
  3. C只有在高温下培养时
  4. D只有在与 E. coli 接合并获得质粒之后

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used

为什么是这个答案

Screening identifies people who are colonized with MRSA, often in the nose. Precautions and, in some cases, decolonization reduce spread and the risk of the patient’s own infection after surgery.

答案

D · To find carriers so precautions or decolonization can be used
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”

为什么是这个答案

TB treatment lasts several months, and stopping when symptoms improve can lead to relapse and drug-resistant TB. Covering coughs and attending follow-up for sputum tests are correct.

答案

C · “I can stop taking the pills once I feel better.”
3.护理学基础

答案: B · Keep moving

为什么是这个答案

SSKIN stands for Surface, Skin inspection, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration. Regular repositioning relieves pressure on the skin.

答案

B · Keep moving
4.护理学基础

答案: A · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated

为什么是这个答案

Red cells contain a lot of potassium, so haemolysis during collection can falsely raise the result. The sample is repeated, with the patient assessed in the meantime.

答案

A · The result may be falsely high and the test should be repeated
5.微生物学

答案: D · 疱疹病毒

为什么是这个答案

单纯疱疹病毒（唇疱疹）和水痘-带状疱疹病毒（水痘、带状疱疹）都是疱疹病毒，潜伏在感觉神经节中并可再次激活。

答案

D · 疱疹病毒
6.微生物学

答案: B · 当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时

为什么是这个答案

tox 基因由噬菌体携带。当噬菌体作为原噬菌体整合后，细菌就能产生毒素。不带该噬菌体的菌株不产毒。

答案

B · 当它携带带有毒素基因的噬菌体时

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