感染控制与患者安全:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

2练习题

1.感染控制与患者安全中等

An order reads “Give potassium chloride by IV push.” What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive half by IV push and the rest later
  2. BNot give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
  3. CDilute it in a small syringe and push it
  4. DGive it slowly by IV push over two minutes while watching the cardiac monitor
2.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse teaches parents about firearm safety at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“We keep all the ammunition locked away separately from the gun.”
  2. B“We store the gun unloaded in a locked safe in the bedroom.”
  3. C“We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
  4. D“We will ask other parents about guns before play dates.”
3.护理学基础中等

接受管饲的患者应采取什么体位以降低误吸风险?

  1. A头低位
  2. B俯卧位
  3. C完全平卧
  4. D床头抬高约 30–45 度
4.护理学基础困难

A patient spills hot tea on their forearm. What is the best immediate first aid?

  1. APop any blisters to let the heat escape
  2. BCool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
  3. CPut ice or an ice pack directly on the burn for about 10 minutes
  4. DCover it with butter or a greasy cream
5.微生物学中等

母乳中的抗体提供哪种免疫?

  1. A天然主动免疫
  2. B人工被动免疫
  3. C人工主动免疫
  4. D天然被动免疫
6.微生物学困难

哪种过程可能产生一种全新的、引起大流行的甲型流感亚型?

  1. A通过点突变逐渐积累而发生的抗原漂移
  2. B与游离 DNA 发生的转化
  3. C噬菌体引起的溶原性转换
  4. D通过基因片段重配发生的抗原转变

3溶液

1.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push

为什么是这个答案

Potassium chloride given by IV push can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmias and arrest. It is only given diluted by controlled infusion, so the nurse does not give it and contacts the prescriber.

答案

B · Not give it, and contact the prescriber, because it is never given by IV push
2.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”

为什么是这个答案

Firearms in homes with children should be stored unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately and locked. Telling children not to touch a gun does not reliably prevent injuries.

答案

C · “We keep the gun loaded in the nightstand, and the children know not to touch it.”
3.护理学基础

答案: D · 床头抬高约 30–45 度

为什么是这个答案

在喂养期间及之后抬高床头,有助于防止反流和误吸入肺。

答案

D · 床头抬高约 30–45 度
4.护理学基础

答案: B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes

为什么是这个答案

Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.

答案

B · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
5.微生物学

答案: D · 天然被动免疫

为什么是这个答案

通过母乳传递的抗体(主要是 IgA)提供自然获得的被动免疫。由于没有形成记忆细胞,这种免疫持续时间短。

答案

D · 天然被动免疫
6.微生物学

答案: D · 通过基因片段重配发生的抗原转变

为什么是这个答案

当两种不同的甲型流感病毒感染同一个细胞时,它们的片段可以混合,产生新的血凝素或神经氨酸酶组合。很少有人对其免疫,因此可能随之发生大流行。抗原漂移则引起每年较小的变化。

答案

D · 通过基因片段重配发生的抗原转变

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