实验室检查值与电解质
方法
- 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
- 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
- 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
- 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
- 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 8 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A breathless patient in the emergency department has a BNP below 100 pg/mL. What does this suggest?
A patient with a large, fast-growing lymphoma will start chemotherapy tomorrow. Which plan best prevents tumor lysis syndrome?
某练习血气显示 PaCO₂ 26 mmHg (3.5 kPa)。利用规则:在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,PaCO₂ 每比 40 低出 10 mmHg,HCO₃⁻ 下降 2 mmol/L,以HCO₃⁻ 24 mmol/L 为起点,求预期HCO₃⁻。
在海平面,某练习血气取自吸入 50% 氧气时,显示 PaO₂ 56 mmHg (7.5 kPa),PaCO₂ 58 mmHg (7.7 kPa)。用 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 求A–a 梯度。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 万古霉素以持续输注的方式给予一位万古霉素清除率为 110 mL/min 的患者。什么输注速率R(mg/h)能使稳态浓度达到 25 mg/L?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次vancomycin输注开始时没有给负荷剂量。该患者的半衰期为 10 h。达到稳态浓度的 90% 需要多长时间t?
A patient with renal colic is asked to pass urine through a strainer. Why?
A patient two days after abdominal surgery coughs and says something "gave way". The wound has opened and bowel is visible. What should the nurse do first?
答案: A · Heart failure is an unlikely cause of the breathlessness
BNP is released from stretched ventricles, so a low value makes heart failure an unlikely cause of acute breathlessness. A high value supports heart failure, but BNP also rises with age, kidney disease and pulmonary embolism.核对依据: Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)
答案: C · IV hydration, a uric acid-lowering drug and frequent electrolytes
Prevention includes aggressive IV hydration, drugs such as allopurinol or rasburicase to lower uric acid, and frequent monitoring of potassium, phosphate, calcium, uric acid and creatinine. Tumor lysis usually begins within 1–3 days of starting treatment.核对依据: Uric Acid Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: HCO₃⁻ = 21.2 mmol/L
预期代偿:代谢性酸中毒时,温特公式预测 PaCO₂ = 1.5·HCO₃⁻ + 8 ± 2 mmHg;实测值高于该范围提示合并呼吸性酸中毒,低于该范围提示合并呼吸性碱中毒。阴离子间隙 AG = Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻),正常约为 8–12 mmol/L,用于区分高阴离子间隙与正常阴离子间隙代谢性酸中毒;低白蛋白会掩盖升高的间隙(白蛋白低于 4.0 的部分,每 g/dL 加 2.5)。Δ 比值 (AG − 12)/(24 − HCO₃⁻) 约在 0.8 到 2 之间符合单纯高间隙酸中毒(有些教材用 1 代替 0.8),低于此范围提示合并正常间隙酸中毒,高于 2 提示合并代谢性碱中毒。
答案: A–a 梯度 = 228 mmHg
衍生数值:计算所得的血清渗透压为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖 + 尿素,各值均以 mmol/L 计(葡萄糖和 BUN 以 mg/dL 计时为 2·Na⁺ + 葡萄糖/18 + BUN/2.8);正常约为 275–295 mOsm/kg。P/F 比值是 PaO₂ 除以以小数表示的 FiO₂。海平面的肺泡氧分压为 PAO₂ = FiO₂·(760 − 47) − PaCO₂/0.8 mmHg,A–a 梯度为 PAO₂ − PaO₂。
答案: R = 165 mg/h
清除率和容积:在稳态时,给药速率等于消除速率,所以维持速率 = CL × Css。负荷剂量 LD = Vd × C/(S × F),其中 S 是盐因子(盐中活性药物所占的比例),F 是生物利用度(静脉给药为 1)。由两个浓度可得 k = ln(C₁/C₂)/Δt;对于静脉推注,Vd = 剂量/C₀,CL = k × Vd。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 33.22 h
设计给药方案:快速静脉给药时,血药浓度在间隔期内从峰值降到谷值,所以 τ = ln(Cpeak/Ctrough)/k,使血药浓度恢复到峰值的剂量为 Vd × (Cpeak − Ctrough)。平均稳态浓度为 Css,avg = S·F·剂量/(CL·τ)。输注时浓度按 C = (R/CL)(1 − e−kt) 上升。对于经肾脏清除的药物,剂量要根据肌酐清除率调整。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
那是 3.322 个半衰期。
答案: A · To catch any stone so that it can be analysed
Collecting a passed stone allows its composition to be identified, which helps guide diet and treatment to prevent recurrence.
答案: B · Cover the wound with sterile, saline-moistened dressings and get urgent surgical help
Evisceration is a surgical emergency. The exposed bowel is covered with sterile moist dressings, the patient is positioned to reduce tension on the abdomen (for example knees bent), kept nil by mouth and reviewed urgently.
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/lab-values-for-nurses