产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which breastfeeding mother should be advised not to breastfeed?
A woman who had a placenta praevia and two previous caesareans is scheduled for a caesarean. The team plans for possible hysterectomy and blood products. Why?
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 300 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
一名体重 24 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 15 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 250 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 1000 mg 药物稀释于 250 mL 中,通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 80 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
答案: D · A mother receiving chemotherapy
Breastfeeding is contraindicated with most cytotoxic chemotherapy, untreated active tuberculosis, use of illicit drugs, and in an infant with galactosaemia. Mastitis and colds are not reasons to stop.
答案: D · She is at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum
A placenta praevia overlying a previous caesarean scar greatly raises the risk of an abnormally adherent placenta. This can cause massive haemorrhage, so delivery is planned in a unit with blood bank support.
答案: V = 1.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 7.2 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: R = 5 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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