产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
一名产妇的监护图显示变异减速。护士应首先采取什么措施?
Routine screening at the booking visit shows asymptomatic bacteriuria. Why is treatment important even though the woman has no symptoms?
一名体重 7 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方剂量为 290 微克。安瓿浓度为 1 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 35 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 2 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
答案: C · 改变产妇的体位
改变体位(左右侧卧,或双手双膝跪位)常可解除脐带受压。如果减速持续存在,应通知医疗人员。平躺会加重下腔静脉受压。
答案: A · It can progress to pyelonephritis and trigger preterm labour
Urinary stasis in pregnancy lets bacteria ascend, so untreated bacteriuria often progresses to pyelonephritis, which is linked with preterm labour. A pregnancy-safe antibiotic and a repeat culture are standard.
答案: V = 5.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.29 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: V = 280 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 11.25 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
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