产科护理:速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

2练习题

1.产科护理中等

A woman's cultural practice involves eating only warm foods after birth. How should the nurse respond?

  1. AIgnore her requests to save time
  2. BTell her the practice is harmful and must stop
  3. CInsist that she eat the standard hospital diet
  4. DRespect it and offer suitable warm foods
2.产科护理困难

A woman with a fourth-degree tear is being discharged. Which instruction is appropriate?

  1. AUse rectal suppositories each day to prevent constipation
  2. BDo strong straining exercises to strengthen the muscles
  3. CUse stool softeners and avoid suppositories and enemas
  4. DTake rectal temperatures twice daily
3.剂量计算中等
1:1000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素安瓿标示为 1:1000(1 mg/mL)。医嘱为 0.3 mg 肌内注射(IM),用于严重过敏反应。你应抽取多少体积 V?

1:10000.3 mg
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
250 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 12 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 250 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

12 kg10 mg/kg250 mg/5 mL
V = mL
5.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?60 gtt/mL75 gtt/min12 h

滴注以 75 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 12 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

75 gtt/min60 gtt/mL12 h
V = mL
6.静脉输液速度困难
900 mL20 gtt/mL25 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 25 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 900 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?

25 gtt/min20 gtt/mL900 mL
t = h

3溶液

1.产科护理

答案: D · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods

为什么是这个答案

Many cultures have postnatal dietary customs, such as warm foods. When a practice is not harmful, the nurse respects it and adapts care, which builds trust and supports recovery.

答案

D · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods
2.产科护理

答案: C · Use stool softeners and avoid suppositories and enemas

为什么是这个答案

Fourth-degree tears involve the rectal mucosa, so anything inserted into the rectum is avoided. Stool softeners, fluids and fibre prevent straining, and pelvic floor follow-up is arranged.

答案

C · Use stool softeners and avoid suppositories and enemas
3.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.3 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:1000 = 1 g/1000 mL = 1 mg/mL

体积

V = 0.3/1 = 0.3 mL

答案

V = 0.3 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

4.剂量计算

答案: V = 2.4 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

10·12 = 120 mg

体积

V = (120/250)·5 = 2.4 mL

答案

V = 2.4 mL
5.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 900 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

75·60/60 = 75 mL/h

体积

V = 75·12 = 900 mL

答案

V = 900 mL
6.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 12 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

25·60/20 = 75 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 900/75 = 12 h

答案

t = 12 h

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