产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位：孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天，再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象：母亲、胎儿或新生儿，或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来：减速用 VEAL CHOP，出血用四个 T，产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施（侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩），然后再升级处理。
产科护理：速成包
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题，完整解答附在最后。
1公式与方法
剂量计算
- 由浓度计算剂量
- 体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
- 按体重给药
- 剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
- 片剂
- 片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
- 单位
- 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg
方法
- 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
- 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”：(D/H) × Q。
- 按体重给药时，先乘以以 kg 计的体重，再用日剂量除以给药次数。
- 先估算，再检查答案是否合理。
静脉输液速度
- 泵速
- mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
- 滴速
- drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
- 输注时间
- time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)
方法
- 泵速 mL/h：体积除以以小时计的时间。
- 滴速 drops/min：体积 × 滴系数，再除以以分钟计的时间。
- 剩余时间：剩余体积除以速率。
- 按题目或设备的要求取整。
2练习题
1.产科护理中等
Which feature best distinguishes true labour from false labour?
- AProgressive dilation and effacement of the cervix
- BContractions that stop when the woman walks around
- CDiscomfort that eases with a warm bath and rest
- DContractions that are felt only in the lower abdomen
2.产科护理困难
A healthy newborn is jittery. Which finding helps tell jitteriness from a seizure?
- ASeizures are always triggered by loud sounds
- BJitteriness stops when the limb is gently held
- CJitteriness comes with eye deviation and apnoea
- DSeizures stop when the limb is held
3.剂量计算中等
一支肾上腺素安瓿标示为 1:1000（1 mg/mL）。医嘱为 0.3 mg 肌内注射（IM），用于严重过敏反应。你应抽取多少体积 V？
1:10000.3 mg
V = mL
4.剂量计算困难
处方为 1050 单位的药物，药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量：应给多少体积 V？
1050 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
5.静脉输液速度中等
医嘱要求以 30 mL/h 输液，但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 10 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R，以每分钟滴数表示。
30 mL/h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度困难
将 250 mg 药物稀释于 250 mL 中，通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 30 mg。求滴速 R，以每分钟滴数表示。
250 mg/250 mL30 mg/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
3溶液
1.产科护理
答案: A · Progressive dilation and effacement of the cervix
为什么是这个答案
True labour causes progressive cervical change. Its contractions become regular, stronger and closer and do not stop with rest or walking. False labour contractions are irregular and ease with rest or position change.
答案
A · Progressive dilation and effacement of the cervix
2.产科护理
答案: B · Jitteriness stops when the limb is gently held
为什么是这个答案
Jitteriness is a rhythmic tremor that is stimulus-sensitive and stops when the limb is held or flexed. Seizures continue when restrained and may include eye deviation, apnoea or lip smacking. Glucose and calcium are checked in both.
答案
B · Jitteriness stops when the limb is gently held
3.剂量计算
答案: V = 0.3 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
浓度
1:1000 = 1 g/1000 mL = 1 mg/mL
体积
V = 0.3/1 = 0.3 mL
答案
V = 0.3 mL
美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL（1 mg/mL = 1:1000；0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000）。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。
4.剂量计算
答案: V = 0.21 mL
抽取剂量：体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位，再检查该体积是否适合注射器，并落在它的某一个刻度上。
体积
V = 1050/5000 = 0.21 mL
在注射器上
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上，每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案
V = 0.21 mL
5.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 5 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
每分钟毫升数
30/60 = 0.5 mL/min
滴速
R = 0.5·10 = 5 gtt/min
答案
R = 5 gtt/min
6.静脉输液速度
答案: R = 30 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
浓度
250/250 = 1 mg/mL
每小时容量
30/1 = 30 mL/h
滴速
R = 30·60/60 = 30 gtt/min
答案
R = 30 gtt/min
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