产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which statement about the lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM) is correct?
产后 6 小时,一名女性尚未排尿。宫底松软并偏向右侧,出血增加。为什么这是优先事项?
某患者体重 45 kg,医嘱为单次给药 7.5 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 1000 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 390 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 590 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
答案: A · It needs full breastfeeding, no periods and a baby under 6 months
LAM is effective only if the mother is fully or nearly fully breastfeeding day and night, her periods have not returned and the baby is under 6 months. Ovulation can occur before the first period.
答案: D · 膀胱充盈使子宫无法收缩,并加重出血
膀胱膨胀将子宫向上、向一侧推移,导致子宫收缩乏力和出血增多。协助她排尿,或遵医嘱导尿,然后重新评估宫底和出血情况。
答案: D = 337.5 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V₁ = 20 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 97.5 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: Δ = 18 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
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