产科护理
方法
- 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
- 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
- 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
- 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 6 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?
A preterm baby's parents are being taught about breast milk. Which statement shows they understand its special benefit for preterm babies?
10 mL 的 10%(w/v)溶液中含有多少毫克药物 m?
一名体重 8 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 125 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。
医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 710 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
答案: D · Walking and upright positions can help progress
Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.
答案: D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
Human milk, including expressed or donor milk, reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and infection in preterm babies. It does not remove the need for other monitoring.
答案: m = 1000 mg
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: V = 3.2 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 50 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: Δ = 6.5 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
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